{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T19:48:48Z","timestamp":1790797728469,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,23]],"date-time":"2022-05-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1653264000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Sanofi-Aventis Australia Pty Ltd. (Sanofi)","award":["GZ-2016-11520"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GZ-2016-11520"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Working memory (WM) impairments are common and debilitating symptoms of multiple sclerosis (MS), often emerging early in the disease. Predominantly, WM impairments are considered in a binary manner, with patients considered either impaired or not based on a single test. However, WM is comprised of different activated subcomponents depending upon the type of information (auditory, visual) and integration requirements. As such, unique WM impairment phenotypes occur. We aimed to determine the most frequent WM phenotypes in early MS, how they progress and which WM test(s) provide the best measure of WM impairment. A total of 88 participants (63 early relapsing\u2013remitting MS: RRMS, 25 healthy controls) completed five WM tests (visual\u2013spatial, auditory, episodic, executive) as well as the symbol digit modalities test as a measure of processing speed. RRMS patients were followed-up for two years. Factors affecting WM (age\/gender\/intelligence\/mood) and MS factors (disease duration\/disability) were also evaluated. Some 61.9% of RRMS patients were impaired on at least one WM subcomponent. The most subcomponents impaired were visual,\u2013spatial and auditory WM. The most common WM phenotypes were; (1) visual\u2013spatial sketchpad + episodic buffer + phonological loop + central executive, (2) visual\u2013spatial sketchpad + central executive. The test of visual\u2013spatial WM provided the best diagnostic accuracy for detecting WM impairment and progression. The SDMT did not achieve diagnostic accuracy greater than chance. Although this may be unsurprising, given that the SDMT is a measure of cognitive processing speed in MS, this does highlight the limitation of the SDMT as a general screening tool for cognitive impairment in early MS.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11102936","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,23]],"date-time":"2022-05-23T22:57:22Z","timestamp":1653346642000},"page":"2936","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Working Memory Phenotypes in Early Multiple Sclerosis: Appraisal of Phenotype Frequency, Progression and Test Sensitivity"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Meaghan","family":"Clough","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosciences, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Alfred Centre, 99 Commercial Rd., Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jade","family":"Bartholomew","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosciences, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Alfred Centre, 99 Commercial Rd., Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Owen B.","family":"White","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosciences, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Alfred Centre, 99 Commercial Rd., Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joanne","family":"Fielding","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosciences, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Alfred Centre, 99 Commercial Rd., Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2019.00261","article-title":"Cognitive Impairment in Multiple Sclerosis With Regards to Disease Duration and Clinical Phenotypes","volume":"10","author":"Brochet","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. 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