{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,5]],"date-time":"2026-09-05T14:19:44Z","timestamp":1788617984706,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,29]],"date-time":"2022-05-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1653782400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Objective: Prolactinomas are the most common type of functional, hormone-secreting pituitary adenomas that account for about 40% of total pituitary adenomas. Typical clinical presentations include loss of menstrual periods (amenorrhea) and galactorrhoea in women and sexual dysfunction in men. Prolactinomas are preferentially treated with dopamine agonists and respond to such therapy with hormonal normalisation and tumour shrinkage. However, about 10\u201320% of prolactinomas are resistant to dopamine agonists. The management of dopamine agonist-resistant prolactinomas poses a therapeutic challenge and includes several possible approaches. Design and Methods: In this study, we present a case report of a woman diagnosed with microprolactinoma at the age of 27 who did not fully respond either to treatment with dopamine agonists nor to transsphenoidal surgery. This was followed by a review of literature on the current state of knowledge about the mechanisms, predictors, and management of dopamine agonist-resistant prolactinomas on the basis of recent scientific literature published up to November 2021 and searches of the PubMed, Google Scholar, and Web of Science databases. Results and Conclusions: The exact mechanisms underlying dopamine agonists\u2019 resistance in lactotroph tumours are not fully understood, yet refractory prolactinomas pose a great challenge in everyday clinical practice. Several predictive factors that contribute to poor response to medical treatment have been identified, among them the elevated Ki-67 index. Recently, various alternative medical treatments have been considered, but their usefulness remains to be evaluated. A return of menses can serve as a first clinical indication of successful medical treatment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11113070","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,29]],"date-time":"2022-05-29T08:50:51Z","timestamp":1653814251000},"page":"3070","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Dopamine Agonist-Resistant Microprolactinoma\u2014Mechanisms, Predictors and Management: A Case Report and Literature Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Hanna","family":"Szmygin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolic Diseases, Medical University of Lublin, Jaczewskiego 8 Str., 20-954 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3744-9058","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joanna","family":"Szyde\u0142ko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolic Diseases, Medical University of Lublin, Jaczewskiego 8 Str., 20-954 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Beata","family":"Matyjaszek-Matuszek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolic Diseases, Medical University of Lublin, Jaczewskiego 8 Str., 20-954 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"K21","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-19-0279","article-title":"Excellent response to pasireotide therapy in an aggressive and dopamine-resistant prolactinoma","volume":"181","author":"Coopmans","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. 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