{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T22:02:43Z","timestamp":1790200963533,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,1]],"date-time":"2022-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1654041600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Cochlear implants are the most common and successful sensory neuroprosthetic devices. However, reimplantation can be required for medical reasons, device failure, or technological upgrading. Resolving the problem driving the intervention and offering stable or better audiological results are the main challenges. We aimed to analyze the success rate of this intervention and to identify factors influencing speech perception recovery after reimplantation in the pediatric population. We retrospectively collected the causes and the outcomes of 67 consecutive reimplantations in one cochlear implant center over 30 years. Reimplantation resolved the cause without recurrence for 94% of patients. The etiology of deafness, time since implantation, indication of reimplantation, sex, and age did not influence word discrimination test scores in silence, 3 years after surgery. However, adherence to a speech rehabilitation program was statistically associated with gain in perception scores: +8.9% [\u22122.2; +31.0%] versus \u221219.0% [\u221247.5; \u22127.6%] if no or suboptimal rehabilitation was followed (p = 0.0037). Cochlear reimplantation in children is efficient and is associated with predictable improvement in speech perception, 3 years after intervention. However, good adherence to speech rehabilitation program is necessary and should be discussed with the patient and parents, especially for the indication of reimplantation for technological upgrading.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11113148","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,1]],"date-time":"2022-06-01T12:48:31Z","timestamp":1654087711000},"page":"3148","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Audiological Outcomes and Associated Factors after Pediatric Cochlear Reimplantation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Fabian","family":"Blanc","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Gui de Chauliac Hospital, 80 Avenue Augustin-Fliche, 34090 Montpellier, France"},{"name":"Institute for Neurosciences of Montpellier (INM), Institut National de la Sant\u00e9 et de la Recherche M\u00e9dicale U1289, University of Montpellier, 80 Avenue Augustin-Fliche, BP 74103, CEDEX 5, 34091 Montpellier, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Catherine","family":"Blanchet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Gui de Chauliac Hospital, 80 Avenue Augustin-Fliche, 34090 Montpellier, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marielle","family":"Sicard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Gui de Chauliac Hospital, 80 Avenue Augustin-Fliche, 34090 Montpellier, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fanny","family":"Merklen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Gui de Chauliac Hospital, 80 Avenue Augustin-Fliche, 34090 Montpellier, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Frederic","family":"Venail","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Gui de Chauliac Hospital, 80 Avenue Augustin-Fliche, 34090 Montpellier, France"},{"name":"Institute for Neurosciences of Montpellier (INM), Institut National de la Sant\u00e9 et de la Recherche M\u00e9dicale U1289, University of Montpellier, 80 Avenue Augustin-Fliche, BP 74103, CEDEX 5, 34091 Montpellier, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michel","family":"Mondain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Gui de Chauliac Hospital, 80 Avenue Augustin-Fliche, 34090 Montpellier, France"},{"name":"Institute for Neurosciences of Montpellier (INM), Institut National de la Sant\u00e9 et de la Recherche M\u00e9dicale U1289, University of Montpellier, 80 Avenue Augustin-Fliche, BP 74103, CEDEX 5, 34091 Montpellier, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"(2019, September 04). World Health Organization Deafness and Hearing Loss. Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/deafness-and-hearing-loss."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2195","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.17647","article-title":"Hearing Loss in Children: A Review","volume":"324","author":"Lieu","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1097\/AUD.0000000000000423","article-title":"Long-Term Outcomes, Education, and Occupational Level in Cochlear Implant Recipients Who Were Implanted in Childhood","volume":"38","author":"Illg","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ear Hear."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1097\/MAO.0b013e3181635e9a","article-title":"Revision Cochlear Implant Surgery in Children","volume":"29","author":"Cullen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Otol. Neurotol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.20012","article-title":"Incidence and Indications for Revision Cochlear Implant Surgery in Adults and Children","volume":"119","author":"Brown","year":"2009","journal-title":"Laryngoscope"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anorl.2018.05.002","article-title":"Pediatric Cochlear Reimplantation: Decision-Tree Efficacy","volume":"135","author":"Distinguin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. Ann. Otorhinolaryngol. Head Neck Dis."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"840","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijporl.2015.03.015","article-title":"Outcomes after Cochlear Reimplantation in Children","volume":"79","author":"Sterkers","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Pediatr. Otorhinolaryngol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1066","DOI":"10.4103\/ajns.AJNS_93_17","article-title":"Cochlear Implant Device Failure in the Postoperative Period: An Institutional Analysis","volume":"13","author":"Bhadania","year":"2018","journal-title":"Asian J. Neurosurg."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1648","DOI":"10.1097\/MAO.0b013e3182a0036c","article-title":"Detecting Soft Failures in Pediatric Cochlear Implants: Relating Behavior to Language Outcomes","volume":"34","author":"Moberly","year":"2013","journal-title":"Otol. Neurotol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1670","DOI":"10.1097\/MAO.0000000000000079","article-title":"Cochlear Implant Failure, Revision, and Reimplantation","volume":"34","author":"Sunde","year":"2013","journal-title":"Otol. Neurotol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"951","DOI":"10.1007\/s00405-020-06125-1","article-title":"First Results of Electrode Reimplantation and Its Hypothetical Dependence from Artificial Brain Maturation","volume":"278","author":"Timm","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. Arch. Otorhinolaryngol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"748","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.27528","article-title":"When to Replace Legacy Cochlear Implants for Technological Upgrades: Indications and Outcomes: CI Reimplantation for Technology Upgrade","volume":"129","author":"Holcomb","year":"2019","journal-title":"Laryngoscope"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1080\/14670100.2020.1788860","article-title":"Revision Pediatric Cochlear Implantation in a Large Tertiary Center since 1986","volume":"21","author":"Kou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cochlear Implant. Int."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1097\/00003446-199908000-00008","article-title":"Some Computational Analyses of the PBK Test: Effects of Frequency and Lexical Density on Spoken Word Recognition","volume":"20","author":"Meyer","year":"1999","journal-title":"Ear Hear."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1425","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A1571","article-title":"CT and MR Imaging Cochlear Distance Measurements May Predict Cochlear Implant Length Required for a 360\u00b0 Insertion","volume":"30","author":"Connor","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am. J. Neuroradiol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1097\/MAO.0b013e31817e5d31","article-title":"Revision Cochlear Implantation Surgery in Adults: Indications and Results","volume":"29","author":"Rivas","year":"2008","journal-title":"Otol. Neurotol."},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"56","article-title":"Cochlear Implant Performance after Reimplantation: A Multicenter Study","volume":"20","author":"Henson","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am. J. Otol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1517","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.21722","article-title":"Cochlear Reimplantation with Same Device: Surgical and Audiologic Results: Results of Cochlear Reimplantation","volume":"121","author":"Briaire","year":"2011","journal-title":"Laryngoscope"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1016\/j.otorri.2009.10.014","article-title":"Reimplantaci\u00f3n coclear en el mismo o\u00eddo: Hallazgos, peculiaridades de la t\u00e9cnica quir\u00fargica y complicaciones","volume":"61","year":"2010","journal-title":"Acta Otorrinolaringol\u00f3gica Esp."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1097\/00005537-199903000-00002","article-title":"Cochlear Reimplantation","volume":"109","author":"Balkany","year":"1999","journal-title":"Laryngoscope"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1225","DOI":"10.1097\/MLG.0b013e31805c9a06","article-title":"Cochlear Reimplantation: Causes of Failure, Outcomes, and Audiologic Performance","volume":"117","author":"Cote","year":"2007","journal-title":"Laryngoscope"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1007\/s00405-006-0144-5","article-title":"Revision Surgeries in Cochlear Implant Patients: A Review of 45 Cases","volume":"264","author":"Migirov","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur. Arch. Otorhinolaryngol."},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"Durand, M., Michel, G., Boyer, J., and Bordure, P. (2021). Auditory Performance after Cochlear Reimplantation. Eur. Ann. Otorhinolaryngol. Head Neck Dis., S1879729621002581. in press."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anorl.2019.11.006","article-title":"Reference Function of Old Electrical Stimulation Electrode in Cochlear-Reimplantation in Children","volume":"137","author":"Xu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. Ann. Otorhinolaryngol. Head Neck Dis."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2273.2004.00935.x","article-title":"Evaluating Cochlear Implant Trauma to the Scala Vestibuli","volume":"30","author":"Adunka","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin. Otolaryngol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75S","DOI":"10.1097\/AUD.0b013e318031542e","article-title":"Quality Control After Insertion of the Nucleus Contour and Contour Advance Electrode in Adults","volume":"28","author":"Aschendorff","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ear Hear."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1177\/000348948509400112","article-title":"Banded Intracochlear Electrode Array: Evaluation of Insertion Trauma in Human Temporal Bones","volume":"94","author":"Shepherd","year":"1985","journal-title":"Ann. Otol. Rhinol. Laryngol."}],"container-title":["Journal of Clinical Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/11\/11\/3148\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T23:23:15Z","timestamp":1760138595000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/11\/11\/3148"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,1]]},"references-count":27,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6]]}},"alternative-id":["jcm11113148"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm11113148","relation":{},"ISSN":["2077-0383"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2077-0383","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,1]]}}}