{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,7]],"date-time":"2025-11-07T09:46:14Z","timestamp":1762508774552,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,1]],"date-time":"2022-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1654041600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: The possible relationships between breast and thyroid diseases have been reported in the literature. The purpose of our study was to evaluate the occurrence of histologically verified thyroid pathologies in women who were diagnosed with breast cancer and, after mastectomy\/quadrantectomy complemented by oncological treatment, were thyroidectomized based on their periodic thyroid evaluation. Patients and Methods: Our series consist of 31 women with a mean age of 62.9 \u00b1 10.9 years (range, 45\u201381) treated for breast cancer (18 right-sided, 11 left-sided, and 2 bilateral), of whom 29 were thyroidectomized, since two women who developed Graves\u2019 disease refused thyroidectomy. These 31 women belong to a cohort of 889 women who referred to the Breast Surgery Unit of our university hospital during the period January 2010 through December 2020. Results: The mean time interval between breast cancer and thyroid pathologies was 48.1 \u00b1 23.4 months (range, 12\u201395). The final diagnosis at histopathology was infiltrating ductal breast carcinoma in 26 women (with 2\/26 patients having bilateral carcinoma) and infiltrating lobular breast carcinoma in the other 5 women. Ten of the twenty-nine thyroidectomized women (34.5%) had a thyroid malignancy on histology: five papillary carcinomas, three papillary micro-carcinomas and two follicular carcinomas. Two of the five women with papillary carcinoma also had histological evidence of chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis\/Hashimoto\u2019s thyroiditis, which was also detected in another five women with benign thyroid diseases. Conclusions: We suggest that breast cancer survivors should be made aware of the possible increased risk of thyroid pathologies (including thyroid malignancy) so that they can undergo screening and follow-up.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11113154","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,1]],"date-time":"2022-06-01T12:48:31Z","timestamp":1654087711000},"page":"3154","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Development of Histologically Verified Thyroid Diseases in Women Operated for Breast Cancer: A Review of the Literature and a Case Series"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9017-1991","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fausto","family":"Fama\u2019","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Pathology in Adulthood and Childhood \u201cG. Barresi\u201d, University Hospital \u201cG. Martino\u201d of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alessandro","family":"Sindoni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"New Hospital of Prato S. Stefano, Azienda USL Toscana Centro, 59100 Prato, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hui","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Thyroid Surgery, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Surgical Translational Medicine, Changchun 130033, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hoon Yub","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, KUMC Thyroid Center, Korea University Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul 02841, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8239-9830","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Girolamo","family":"Geraci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgical, Oncological and Stomatological Sciences, University of Palermo, 90100 Palermo, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5586-4066","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michele Rosario","family":"Colonna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Pathology in Adulthood and Childhood \u201cG. Barresi\u201d, University Hospital \u201cG. Martino\u201d of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Carmelo","family":"Mazzeo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Pathology in Adulthood and Childhood \u201cG. Barresi\u201d, University Hospital \u201cG. Martino\u201d of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gabriela","family":"Brenta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Endocrinology, Cesar Milstein Hospital, Buenos Aires C1221 ABE, Argentina"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mariarosaria","family":"Galeano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Pathology in Adulthood and Childhood \u201cG. Barresi\u201d, University Hospital \u201cG. Martino\u201d of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Salvatore","family":"Benvenga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University Hospital \u201cG. Martino\u201d of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gianlorenzo","family":"Dionigi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Surgery, Istituto Auxologico Italiano IRCCS (Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico), 20122 Milan, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E359","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.29210","article-title":"Cancer incidence and mortality worldwide: Sources, methods and major patterns in GLOBOCAN 2012","volume":"136","author":"Ferlay","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1007\/s40618-016-0543-4","article-title":"Breast cancer and thyroid diseases: Analysis of 867 consecutive cases","volume":"40","author":"Chiappa","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Endocrinol. Investig."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21660","article-title":"Global Cancer Statistics 2020: GLOBOCAN Estimates of Incidence and Mortality Worldwide for 36 Cancers in 185 Countries","volume":"71","author":"Sung","year":"2021","journal-title":"CA Cancer J. Clin."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.21037\/gs-20-878","article-title":"Thyroid disease is associated with an increased risk of breast cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"10","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Gland Surg."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"763","DOI":"10.1007\/s005950170044","article-title":"Ultrasonographic mass screening for thyroid carcinoma: A study in women scheduled to undergo a breast examination","volume":"31","author":"Chung","year":"2001","journal-title":"Surg. Today"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80820","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.20542","article-title":"Study on the status of thyroid function and thyroid nodules in chinese breast cancer patients","volume":"8","author":"Shi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"630","DOI":"10.21037\/gs.2017.09.11","article-title":"Thyroid nodules coexisting with either cystic or solid breast nodules: A new clue for this association between nodules coming from ultrasonography","volume":"6","author":"Sindoni","year":"2017","journal-title":"Gland Surg."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.breast.2017.04.011","article-title":"Thyroid disorders and mammographic density in Spanish women: Var-DDM study","volume":"34","author":"Lope","year":"2017","journal-title":"Breast"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1038\/nrclinonc.2013.41","article-title":"Aetiology, genetics and prevention of secondary neoplasms in adult cancer survivors","volume":"10","author":"Travis","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1158\/1055-9965.EPI-12-1356","article-title":"Cancer survivors in the United States: Prevalence across the survivorship trajectory and implications for care","volume":"22","author":"Mariotto","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol. Biomark. Prev."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1158\/1055-9965.EPI-15-0833","article-title":"The Breast-Thyroid Cancer Link: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis","volume":"25","author":"Nielsen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol. Biomark. Prev."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1158\/1055-9965.EPI-18-0877","article-title":"A Linkage Between Thyroid and Breast Cancer: A Common Etiology?","volume":"28","author":"Bolf","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol. Biomark. Prev."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"611471","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2021.611471","article-title":"Association Between the Presence of Female-Specific Tumors and Aggressive Clinicopathological Features in Papillary Thyroid Cancer: A Retrospective Analysis of 9822 Cases","volume":"11","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1364","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejso.2021.02.018","article-title":"Metastasis to the thyroid gland: Characterization and survival of an institutional series spanning 28 years","volume":"47","author":"Stergianos","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. J. Surg. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.1994.4.297","article-title":"Secondary malignancy of the thyroid gland: A case report and review of the literature","volume":"4","author":"Haugen","year":"1994","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3999","DOI":"10.2147\/IJGM.S314611","article-title":"Correlation Analysis of Breast and Thyroid Nodules: A Cross-Sectional Study","volume":"14","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Gen. Med."},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"990","article-title":"Relationship between breast cancer and thyroid disease: Relevance of autoimmune thyroid disorders in breast malignancy","volume":"81","author":"Giani","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"173","article-title":"Possible association between breast thyroid carcinoma: Analysis of risk factors","volume":"91","author":"Viani","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann. Ital. Chir."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surg.2007.06.033","article-title":"Evaluation and management of incidental thyroid nodules in patients with another primary malignancy","volume":"142","author":"Wilhelm","year":"2007","journal-title":"Surgery"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3835(94)90358-1","article-title":"Expression of the estrogen receptor in human thyroid neoplasms","volume":"84","author":"Yane","year":"1994","journal-title":"Cancer Lett."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2009.0296","article-title":"Metastatic phenotype is regulated by estrogen in thyroid cells","volume":"20","author":"Rajoria","year":"2010","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.5455\/msm.2021.33.298-303","article-title":"Risk Factors of Synchronous Breast and Thyroid Cancer: A Controlled Multicenter Study and Review of the Literature","volume":"33","author":"Zervoudis","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mater Sociomed."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bakos, B., Kiss, A., \u00c1rvai, K., Szili, B., De\u00e1k-Kocsis, B., Tobi\u00e1s, B., Putz, Z., \u00c1rm\u00f3s, R., Balla, B., and K\u00f3sa, J. (2021). Co-occurrence of thyroid and breast cancer is associated with an increased oncogenic SNP burden. BMC Cancer, 21.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12885-021-08377-4"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cieszy\u0144ska, M., Klu\u017aniak, W., Woko\u0142orczyk, D., Cybulski, C., Huzarski, T., Gronwald, J., Falco, M., D\u0119bniak, T., Jakubowska, A., and Derkacz, R. (2022). Risk of Second Primary Thyroid Cancer in Women with Breast Cancer. Cancers, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers14040957"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.7150\/jca.17835","article-title":"Changes in Dietary Iodine Explains Increasing Incidence of Breast Cancer with Distant Involvement in Young Women","volume":"8","author":"Rappaport","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.20633","article-title":"Iodine stimulates estrogen receptor singling and its systemic level is increased in surgical patients due to topical absorption","volume":"9","author":"He","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"805194","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2021.805194","article-title":"Association of Radioiodine for Differentiated Thyroid Cancer and Second Breast Cancer in Female Adolescent and Young Adult","volume":"12","author":"Zhao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1316","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejso.2021.01.015","article-title":"Increased expression of thyroid hormone receptor alpha and estrogen receptor alpha in breast cancer associated with thyroid cancer","volume":"47","author":"Kim","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. J. Surg. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4307","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.onc.1205534","article-title":"Expression of thyroid hormone receptor\/erbA genes is altered in human breast cancer","volume":"21","author":"Silva","year":"2002","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1530\/ERC-20-0277","article-title":"Thyroid status regulates the tumor microenvironment delineating breast cancer fate","volume":"28","author":"Sterle","year":"2021","journal-title":"Endocr. Relat. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.21873\/anticanres.15480","article-title":"Thyroid Hormones and Morphological Features of Primary Breast Cancer","volume":"42","author":"Meirovitz","year":"2022","journal-title":"Anticancer Res."},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"693","article-title":"Autoimmune thyroid diseases in women with breast cancer and colorectal cancer","volume":"53","author":"Jiskra","year":"2004","journal-title":"Physiol. Res."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1169","DOI":"10.1007\/s10549-012-2019-3","article-title":"Benign thyroid disease is associated with breast cancer: A meta-analysis","volume":"133","author":"Hardefeldt","year":"2012","journal-title":"Breast Cancer Res. Treat."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.1007\/s10549-014-2893-y","article-title":"Prevalence of breast cancer in thyroid diseases: Results of a cross-sectional study of 3921 patients","volume":"144","author":"Prinzi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Breast Cancer Res. Treat."}],"container-title":["Journal of Clinical Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/11\/11\/3154\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T23:23:29Z","timestamp":1760138609000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/11\/11\/3154"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,1]]},"references-count":34,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6]]}},"alternative-id":["jcm11113154"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm11113154","relation":{},"ISSN":["2077-0383"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2077-0383"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,1]]}}}