{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,29]],"date-time":"2026-08-29T07:12:29Z","timestamp":1787987549758,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,6]],"date-time":"2022-06-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1654473600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004837","name":"Ophthalmological Network OFTARED","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RD16\/0008\/0005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RD16\/0008\/0005"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004837","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In 103 subjects with a high genetic risk of developing Alzheimer\u2019s disease (AD), family history (FH) of AD and ApoE \u025b4 characterization (ApoE \u025b4) were analyzed for changes in the retinal vascular network by OCTA (optical coherence tomography angiography), and AngioTool and Erlangen-Angio-Tool (EA-Tool) as imaging analysis software. Retinal vascularization was analyzed by measuring hypercholesterolemia (HCL) and high blood pressure (HBP). Angio-Tool showed a statistically significant higher percentage of area occupied by vessels in the FH+ ApoE \u025b4- group vs. in the FH+ ApoE \u025b4+ group, and EA-Tool showed statistically significant higher vascular densities in the C3 ring in the FH+ ApoE \u025b4+ group when compared with: i)FH- ApoE \u025b4- in sectors H3, H4, H10 and H11; and ii) FH+ ApoE \u025b4- in sectors H4 and H12. In participants with HCL and HBP, statistically significant changes were found, in particular using EA-Tool, both in the macular area, mainly in the deep plexus, and in the peripapillary area. In conclusion, OCTA in subjects with genetic risk factors for the development of AD showed an apparent increase in vascular density in some sectors of the retina, which was one of the first vascular changes detectable. These changes constitute a promising biomarker for monitoring the progression of pathological neuronal degeneration.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11113248","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,6]],"date-time":"2022-06-06T10:08:24Z","timestamp":1654510104000},"page":"3248","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Retinal Vascular Study Using OCTA in Subjects at High Genetic Risk of Developing Alzheimer\u2019s Disease and Cardiovascular Risk Factors"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0511-515X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"In\u00e9s","family":"L\u00f3pez-Cuenca","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Ramon Castroviejo Institute of Ophthalmologic Research, Group UCM 920105, Health Research Institute of the Hospital Cl\u00ednico San Carlos (IdISSC), Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, 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University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Federico","family":"Ram\u00edrez-Tora\u00f1o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Cognitive and Computational Neuroscience, Center for Biomedical Technology, Technical University of Madrid, 28233 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Experimental Psychology, Complutense University of Madrid, 28223 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2383-1563","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana","family":"Barabash","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Health Research Institute of the Hospital Cl\u00ednico San Carlos (IdISSC), 28040 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Diseases Networking Biomedical Research Centre, Carlos III Health Institute, 28029 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Medicine II, School of 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