{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T21:49:13Z","timestamp":1790804953189,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,8]],"date-time":"2022-06-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1654646400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>(1) Background: Persistent post-viral olfactory disorders (PPVOD) are estimated at 30% of patients one year after COVID-19 infection. No treatment is, to date, significantly effective on PPVOD with the exception of olfactory training (OT). The main objective of this work was to evaluate OT efficiency on post-COVID-19 PPVOD. (2) Methods: Consecutive patients consulting to the ENT department with post-COVID-19 PPVOD were included after completing clinical examination, the complete Sniffin\u2019 Stick Test (TDI), the short version of the Questionnaire of olfactory disorders and the SF-36. Patients were trained to practice a self-olfactory training with a dedicated olfactory training kit twice a day for 6 months before returning to undergo the same assessments. (3) Results: Forty-three patients were included and performed 3.5 months of OT in average. We observed a significant TDI score improvement, increasing from 24.7 (\u00b18.9) before the OT to 30.9 (\u00b19.8) (p &lt; 0.001). Based on normative data, a significant increase in the number of normosmic participants was observed only for the threshold values (p &lt; 0.001). Specific and general olfaction-related quality of life improved after the OT. (4) Conclusions: Olfactory function appeared to improve only in peripheral aspects of post-COVID-19 PPVOD after OT. Future controlled studies must be performed to confirm the OT role and justify new therapeutic strategies that may focus on the central aspects of post-COVID-19 PPVOD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11123275","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,10]],"date-time":"2022-06-10T02:25:33Z","timestamp":1654827933000},"page":"3275","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Olfactory Training in Post-COVID-19 Persistent Olfactory Disorders: Value Normalization for Threshold but Not Identification"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5597-2040","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Clair","family":"Vandersteen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut Universitaire de la Face et du Cou, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Universit\u00e9 C\u00f4te d\u2019Azur, 31 Avenue de Valombrose, 06100 Nice, France"},{"name":"Laboratoire CoBTeK, Universit\u00e9 C\u00f4te d\u2019Azur, 06100 Nice, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Magali","family":"Payne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire CoBTeK, Universit\u00e9 C\u00f4te d\u2019Azur, 06100 Nice, France"},{"name":"D\u00e9partement d\u2019Orthophonie de Nice (DON), UFR M\u00e9decine, Universit\u00e9 C\u00f4te d\u2019Azur, 06107 Nice, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Louise-\u00c9milie","family":"Dumas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire CoBTeK, Universit\u00e9 C\u00f4te d\u2019Azur, 06100 Nice, France"},{"name":"H\u00f4pitaux P\u00e9diatriques de Nice CHU-LENVAL, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Universit\u00e9 C\u00f4te d\u2019Azur, 57 Avenue de la Californie, 06200 Nice, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"\u00c9lisa","family":"Cancian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut Universitaire de la Face et du Cou, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Universit\u00e9 C\u00f4te d\u2019Azur, 31 Avenue de Valombrose, 06100 Nice, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1016-2834","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexandra","family":"Plonka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire CoBTeK, Universit\u00e9 C\u00f4te d\u2019Azur, 06100 Nice, France"},{"name":"Institut NeuroMod, INRIA Centre de Recherche Sophia Antipolis, Universit\u00e9 C\u00f4te d\u2019Azur, 2004 Route des Lucioles, 06902 Valbonne, France"},{"name":"Service Clinique G\u00e9riatrique du Cerveau et du Mouvement, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, 06000 Nice, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3838-513X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gr\u00e9goire","family":"D\u2019Andr\u00e9a","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut Universitaire de la Face et du Cou, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Universit\u00e9 C\u00f4te d\u2019Azur, 31 Avenue de Valombrose, 06100 Nice, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Chirio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"D\u00e9partement de M\u00e9decine Infectiologique, H\u00f4pital de l\u2019archet, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Universit\u00e9 C\u00f4te d\u2019Azur, 151 Route de Saint-Antoine, 06200 Nice, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"\u00c9lisa","family":"Demonchy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"D\u00e9partement de M\u00e9decine Infectiologique, H\u00f4pital de l\u2019archet, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Universit\u00e9 C\u00f4te d\u2019Azur, 151 Route de Saint-Antoine, 06200 Nice, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karine","family":"Risso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"D\u00e9partement de M\u00e9decine Infectiologique, H\u00f4pital de l\u2019archet, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Universit\u00e9 C\u00f4te d\u2019Azur, 151 Route de Saint-Antoine, 06200 Nice, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Florence","family":"Askenazy-Gittard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire CoBTeK, Universit\u00e9 C\u00f4te d\u2019Azur, 06100 Nice, France"},{"name":"H\u00f4pitaux P\u00e9diatriques de Nice CHU-LENVAL, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Universit\u00e9 C\u00f4te d\u2019Azur, 57 Avenue de la Californie, 06200 Nice, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charles","family":"Savoldelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut Universitaire de la Face et du Cou, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Universit\u00e9 C\u00f4te d\u2019Azur, 31 Avenue de Valombrose, 06100 Nice, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4286-6465","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicolas","family":"Guevara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut Universitaire de la Face et du Cou, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Universit\u00e9 C\u00f4te d\u2019Azur, 31 Avenue de Valombrose, 06100 Nice, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0963-1728","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Philippe","family":"Robert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire CoBTeK, Universit\u00e9 C\u00f4te d\u2019Azur, 06100 Nice, France"},{"name":"D\u00e9partement d\u2019Orthophonie de Nice (DON), UFR M\u00e9decine, Universit\u00e9 C\u00f4te d\u2019Azur, 06107 Nice, France"},{"name":"Service Clinique G\u00e9riatrique du Cerveau et du Mouvement, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, 06000 Nice, 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