{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T14:46:58Z","timestamp":1791470818578,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,11]],"date-time":"2022-06-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1654905600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the Italian Ministry of Health with Ricerca Corrente and 5 \u00d7 1000 funds"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Introduction: This study makes a comparison between stage I non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients subjected to either robotic-assisted thoracic surgery (RATS), video-assisted thoracic surgery (VATS) or open thoracotomy, with the aim to evaluate differences between these three approaches in terms of oncological outcomes. Method: We reviewed data from 1367 consecutive patients who, between 2011 and 2017, underwent lobectomy for NSCLC with either open surgery, VATS or RATS, and performed a matched case-control study based on patients\u2019 age, gender, clinical stage (IA, IB) and ASA score. Results: 180 patients (n = 72 RATS, n = 36 VATS, n = 72 open) were analyzed. Complication rates were found to be comparable (72.2% open, 86.1% VATS, 81.9% RATS), with similar grades of severity. The median number of resected lymph nodes was higher in open surgery (n = 22) than in VATS (n = 15; p = 0.0001) and in RATS (n = 17; p = 0.004). Pathological N2 upstaging was higher in open surgery (9.7%) compared to VATS (5.6%) and RATS (5.6%). However, the recurrence rate in VATS was significantly higher than in RATS (log rank p = 0.03). No statistically significant differences were detected in 5-year OS and cancer-specific survival. Conclusions: no differences were found in OS and cancer-specific survival between VATS, RATS and open lobectomy for stage I NSCLC patients; even if in VATS, the incidence of recurrences, in particular local recurrences, was higher than in RATS and in open surgery.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11123363","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,12]],"date-time":"2022-06-12T09:26:48Z","timestamp":1655026008000},"page":"3363","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Long-Term Outcomes of Robotic-Assisted, Video-Assisted and Open Surgery in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer: A Matched Analysis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5986-7811","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Monica","family":"Casiraghi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Thoracic Surgery, IEO\u2014European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, 20141 Milan, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Oncology and Hemato-Oncology, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alessio Vincenzo","family":"Mariolo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Thoracic Surgery Department, Institut du Thorax Curie-Montsouris, Institut Mutualiste Montsouris, 75014 Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shehab","family":"Mohamed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Thoracic Surgery, IEO\u2014European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, 20141 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7482-1544","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giulia","family":"Sedda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Thoracic Surgery, IEO\u2014European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, 20141 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5309-4704","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patrick","family":"Maisonneuve","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, IEO\u2014European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, 20141 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonio","family":"Mazzella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Thoracic Surgery, IEO\u2014European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, 20141 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2629-7781","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giorgio","family":"Lo Iacono","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Thoracic Surgery, IEO\u2014European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, 20141 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5945-1576","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesco","family":"Petrella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Thoracic Surgery, IEO\u2014European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, 20141 Milan, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Oncology and Hemato-Oncology, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lorenzo","family":"Spaggiari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Thoracic Surgery, IEO\u2014European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, 20141 Milan, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Oncology and Hemato-Oncology, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1614","DOI":"10.1016\/j.athoracsur.2012.01.065","article-title":"Number of Lymph Nodes and Metastatic Lymph Node Ratio Are Associated with Survival in Lung Cancer","volume":"93","author":"Nwogu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ann. 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