{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,2]],"date-time":"2025-11-02T03:29:53Z","timestamp":1762054193978,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,14]],"date-time":"2022-06-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1655164800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>According to previous studies, the increased risk of cutaneous infectious disorders in patients with atopic dermatitis (AD) is related to impaired epidermal function, abnormal systemic immune function, and lower antimicrobial peptides. In this study, we analyzed the association between AD and cutaneous infectious disorders in the real world using sequential pattern mining (SPM). We analyzed National Health Insurance data from 2010\u20132013 using SPM to identify comorbid cutaneous infectious diseases and the onset durations of comorbidities. Patients with AD were at greater risk for molluscum contagiosum (adjusted odds ratio (aOR), 5.273), impetigo (aOR, 2.852), chickenpox (aOR, 2.251), otitis media (aOR, 1.748), eczema herpeticum (aOR, 1.292), and viral warts (aOR, 1.105). In SPM analysis, comorbidity of 1.06% shown in molluscum contagiosum was the highest value, and the duration of 77.42 days documented for molluscum contagiosum was the shortest onset duration among all the association rules. This study suggests that AD is associated with an increased risk of cutaneous infectious disorders. In particular, care should be taken regarding its high relevance with impetigo, molluscum contagiosum, and otitis media, which may help in preventing AD from worsening through appropriately preventing and managing the condition.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11123422","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,14]],"date-time":"2022-06-14T23:50:14Z","timestamp":1655250614000},"page":"3422","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Evaluation of Atopic Dermatitis and Cutaneous Infectious Disorders Using Sequential Pattern Mining: A Nationwide Population-Based Cohort Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3194-5202","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ju-Hee","family":"Han","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Seoul St. Mary\u2019s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jae-Woong","family":"Yoon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Business Management, Kwangwoon University, Seoul 01897, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hwa-Jung","family":"Yook","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Seoul St. Mary\u2019s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6246-0331","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chul-Hwan","family":"Bang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Seoul St. Mary\u2019s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jae-Hun","family":"Chun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Business Management, Kwangwoon University, Seoul 01897, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jun-Young","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Seoul St. Mary\u2019s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Young-Min","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Seoul St. Mary\u2019s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5608-2656","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Suk-Jun","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Business Management, Kwangwoon University, Seoul 01897, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3671-502X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ji-Hyun","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Seoul St. Mary\u2019s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1016\/j.det.2017.02.002","article-title":"Public Health Burden and Epidemiology of Atopic Dermatitis","volume":"35","author":"Silverberg","year":"2017","journal-title":"Dermatol. Clin."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2014.12.004","article-title":"Epidemiology of childhood atopic dermatitis","volume":"33","author":"Garg","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.4168\/aair.2016.8.1.79","article-title":"Prevalence of Atopic Dermatitis in Korean Children Based on Data From the 2008\u20132011 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey","volume":"8","author":"Lee","year":"2016","journal-title":"Allergy Asthma Immunol. Res."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1111\/bjd.14708","article-title":"Association between atopic dermatitis and extracutaneous infections in US adults","volume":"176","author":"Strom","year":"2017","journal-title":"Br. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.4168\/aair.2016.8.3.181","article-title":"A Comprehensive Review of the Treatment of Atopic Eczema","volume":"8","author":"Lee","year":"2016","journal-title":"Allergy Asthma Immunol. Res."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.iac.2016.08.015","article-title":"Infectious Complications in Atopic Dermatitis","volume":"37","author":"Sun","year":"2017","journal-title":"Immunol. Allergy Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmedinf.2009.09.005","article-title":"Comorbidity study of ADHD: Applying association rule mining (ARM) to National Health Insurance Database of Taiwan","volume":"78","author":"Tai","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Med. Inform."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17840","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-35909-z","article-title":"Evaluation of relationships between onychomycosis and vascular diseases using sequential pattern mining","volume":"8","author":"Bang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1093\/fampra\/cmt075","article-title":"Epidemiology of molluscum contagiosum in children: A systematic review","volume":"31","author":"Olsen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Fam. Pract."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.1974.tb06447.x","article-title":"Staphylococcus aureus in the lesions of atopic dermatitis","volume":"90","author":"Leyden","year":"1974","journal-title":"Br. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.2010.10078.x","article-title":"Interventions to reduce Staphylococcus aureus in the management of atopic eczema: An updated Cochrane review","volume":"164","author":"Birnie","year":"2011","journal-title":"Br. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2018.05.004","article-title":"Skin diseases associated with atopic dermatitis","volume":"36","author":"Fenner","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.1111\/pai.12095","article-title":"Association between severe eczema in children and multiple comorbid conditions and increased healthcare utilization","volume":"24","author":"Silverberg","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pediatr. Allergy Immunol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2003.07.001","article-title":"Viral infections in atopic dermatitis: Pathogenic aspects and clinical management","volume":"112","author":"Wollenberg","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-4632.2004.02074.x","article-title":"Molluscum contagiosum in Greek children: A case series","volume":"44","author":"Kakourou","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1041","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2013.08.012","article-title":"Childhood atopic dermatitis and warts are associated with increased risk of infection: A US population-based study","volume":"133","author":"Silverberg","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1007\/s12016-016-8548-5","article-title":"Bacterial and Viral Infections in Atopic Dermatitis: A Comprehensive Review","volume":"51","author":"Ong","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Rev. Allergy Immunol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.2011.10541.x","article-title":"Filaggrin mutations are associated with recurrent skin infection in Singaporean Chinese patients with atopic dermatitis","volume":"166","author":"Cai","year":"2012","journal-title":"Br. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"26","article-title":"Pediatric warts: Update on interventions","volume":"103","author":"Silverberg","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cutis"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2005.08.035","article-title":"The epidemiology of molluscum contagiosum in children","volume":"54","author":"Dohil","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1159\/000327888","article-title":"Clinical characteristics of molluscum contagiosum in children in a private dermatology practice in the greater Paris area, France: A prospective study in 661 patients","volume":"222","author":"Osio","year":"2011","journal-title":"Dermatology"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2013.02.010","article-title":"Why is eczema herpeticum unexpectedly rare?","volume":"98","author":"Leung","year":"2013","journal-title":"Antivir. Res."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"816","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2013.03.010","article-title":"Increased risk of herpes zoster in children with asthma: A population-based case-control study","volume":"163","author":"Kim","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"108","article-title":"Increased complications with atopic dermatitis and varicella-zoster virus","volume":"27","author":"Ludman","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"884","DOI":"10.1097\/INF.0b013e3181e2817f","article-title":"Complications of varicella after implementation of routine childhood varicella vaccination in Germany","volume":"29","author":"Spackova","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J."}],"container-title":["Journal of Clinical Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/11\/12\/3422\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T23:31:29Z","timestamp":1760139089000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/11\/12\/3422"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,14]]},"references-count":25,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6]]}},"alternative-id":["jcm11123422"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm11123422","relation":{},"ISSN":["2077-0383"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2077-0383"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,14]]}}}