{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T22:02:58Z","timestamp":1791237778579,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,20]],"date-time":"2022-06-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1655683200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Cardiogenic shock (CS) is a severe complication of acute myocardial infarction (AMI). In AMI-CS, the ST segment deviation on ECG may be elevated (STEMI-CS) or non-elevated (NSTEMI-CS), which may influence prognosis. Our aim was to analyze the clinical profile, acute-phase prognosis, and long-term outcomes of CS relative to the ST pattern on admission. In a prospective registry of 4647 AMI patients admitted to the intensive cardiac care unit of a university hospital between 2010 and 2019, we compared the clinical characteristics, 30-days case fatality, and long-term outcomes of AMI-CS, based on the presence of ST-segment deviation. AMI-CS developed in 239 (5.1%) patients (26.4% women): 190 (79.5%) STEMI-CS and 49 (20.5%) NSTEMI-CS. The mean age was 69.7 years. The STEMI-CS patients had larger infarcts and more mechanical complications than the NSTEMI-CS patients. The NSTEMI-CS patients had a greater prevalence of hypertension, diabetes, peripheral vascular disease, previous cardiovascular comorbidities, three-vessel disease, and left main disease than the STEMI-CS patients. The STEMI-CS patients had higher 30-day mortality than the NSTEMI-CS (59.5% vs. 36.7%; p = 0.004), even after multivariable adjustment (HR 1.91; 95% CI 1.16\u20133.14), but no differences in mortality were observed at 3 years. In conclusion, the 30-day case-fatality is higher in STEMI-CS, but the long-term outcome is similar in both groups.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11123558","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,21]],"date-time":"2022-06-21T04:39:55Z","timestamp":1655786395000},"page":"3558","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["Non-STEMI vs. STEMI Cardiogenic Shock: Clinical Profile and Long-Term Outcomes"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Mar\u00eda Jos\u00e9","family":"Mart\u00ednez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiology Department, Heart Institute, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, 08916 Badalona, Spain"},{"name":"Cardiology Department, Hospital del Mar, 08003 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"PhD Program, Department of Medicine, Autonomous University of Barcelona, 08193 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5464-4870","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ferran","family":"Rueda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiology Department, Heart Institute, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, 08916 Badalona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4505-0787","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlos","family":"Labata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiology Department, Heart Institute, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, 08916 Badalona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Teresa","family":"Oliveras","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiology Department, Heart Institute, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, 08916 Badalona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0984-3472","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Santiago","family":"Montero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiology Department, Heart Institute, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, 08916 Badalona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marc","family":"Ferrer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiology Department, Heart Institute, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, 08916 Badalona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nabil","family":"El Ouaddi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiology Department, Heart Institute, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, 08916 Badalona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jordi","family":"Serra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiology Department, Heart Institute, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, 08916 Badalona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5601-9611","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Josep","family":"Lup\u00f3n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiology Department, Heart Institute, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, 08916 Badalona, Spain"},{"name":"CIBER Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), 28029 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, Autonomous University of Barcelona, 08193 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antoni","family":"Bay\u00e9s-Gen\u00eds","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiology Department, Heart Institute, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, 08916 Badalona, Spain"},{"name":"CIBER Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), 28029 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, Autonomous University of Barcelona, 08193 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6330-1677","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cosme","family":"Garc\u00eda-Garc\u00eda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiology Department, Heart Institute, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, 08916 Badalona, Spain"},{"name":"CIBER Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), 28029 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, Autonomous University of Barcelona, 08193 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Garc\u00eda-Garc\u00eda, C., Oliveras, T., El Ouaddi, N., Rueda, F., Serra, J., Labata, C., Ferrer, M., Cediel, G., Montero, S., and Mart\u00ednez, M.J. (2020). Short- and Long-Term Mortality Trends in STEMI-Cardiogenic Shock over Three Decades (1989\u20132018): The Ruti-STEMI-Shock Registry. J. Clin. Med., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm9082398"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"708","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCOUTCOMES.113.000262","article-title":"Differences in the profile, treatment, and prognosis of patients with cardiogenic shock by myocardial infarction classification: A report from NCDR","volume":"6","author":"Anderson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Circ. Cardiovasc. Qual. Outcomes"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1002\/ejhf.260","article-title":"Clinical picture and risk prediction of short-term mortality in cardiogenic shock","volume":"17","author":"Harjola","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. J. Heart Fail."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2007.02.083","article-title":"Comparison of outcome in patients with ST-elevation versus non-ST-elevation acute myocardial infarction treated with percutaneous coronary intervention (from the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Dynamic Registry)","volume":"100","author":"Abbott","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1061","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2011.06.003","article-title":"Long-term prognosis of first myocardial infarction according to the electrocardiographic pattern (ST elevation myocardial infarction, non-ST elevation myocardial infarction and non-classified myocardial infarction) and revascularization procedures","volume":"108","author":"Subirana","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2010.07.008","article-title":"PL-ACS Registry Pilot Group. A comparison of ST elevation versus non-ST elevation myocardial infarction outcomes in a large registry database: Are non-ST myocardial infarctions associated with worse long-term prognoses?","volume":"152","author":"Polonski","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCOUTCOMES.115.002359","article-title":"Decade-Long Trends (2001\u20132011) in the Incidence and Hospital Death Rates Associated with the In-Hospital Development of Cardiogenic Shock after Acute Myocardial Infarction","volume":"9","author":"Goldberg","year":"2016","journal-title":"Circ. Cardiovasc. Qual. Outcomes"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1913","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2017.02.027","article-title":"Risk stratification for patients in cardiogenic shock after acute myocardial infarction","volume":"69","author":"Fuernau","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehv320","article-title":"2015 ESC Guidelines for the management of acute coronary syndromes in patients presenting without persistent ST-segment elevation: Task Force for the Management of Acute Coronary Syndromes in Patients Presenting without Persistent ST-Segment Elevation of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC)","volume":"37","author":"Roffi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehx393","article-title":"ESC Scientific Document Group. 2017 ESC Guidelines for the management of acute myocardial infarction in patients presenting with ST-segment elevation: The Task Force for the management of acute myocardial infarction in patients presenting with ST-segment elevation of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC)","volume":"39","author":"Ibanez","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1063","DOI":"10.1016\/S0735-1097(00)00879-2","article-title":"Cardiogenic shock complicating acute myocardial infarction--etiologies, management and outcome: A report from the SHOCK Trial Registry. SHould we emergently revascularize Occluded Coronaries for cardiogenic shocK?","volume":"36","author":"Hochman","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3599","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehab368","article-title":"ESC Scientific Document Group. 2021 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure","volume":"42","author":"McDonagh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1287","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1208410","article-title":"Intraaortic balloon support for myocardial infarction with cardiogenic shock","volume":"367","author":"Thiele","year":"2012","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2525","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehm355","article-title":"Joint ESC\/ACCF\/AHA\/WHF Task Force for the Redefinition of Myocardial Infarction. Universal definition of myocardial infarction","volume":"28","author":"Thygesen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2551","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehs184","article-title":"Third universal definition of myocardial infarction","volume":"33","author":"Thygesen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"e618","article-title":"Executive Group on behalf of the Joint European Society of Cardiology (ESC)\/American College of Cardiology (ACC)\/American Heart Association (AHA)\/World Heart Federation (WHF) Task Force for the Universal Definition of Myocardial Infarction. Fourth Universal Definition of Myocardial Infarction (2018)","volume":"138","author":"Thygesen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ehj.2003.12.008","article-title":"Predictors of in-hospital mortality in 1333 patients with acute myocardial infarction complicated by cardiogenic shock treated with primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI): Results of the primary PCI registry of the Arbeitsgiemeinschaft Leitende","volume":"25","author":"Zeymer","year":"2004","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Takeji, Y., Shiomi, H., Morimoto, T., Yamamoto, K., Matsumura-Nakano, Y., Nagao, K., Taniguchi, R., Yamaji, K., Tada, T., and Kato, E.T. (2021). Differences in mortality and causes of death between STEMI and NSTEMI in the early and late phases after acute myocardial infarction. PLoS ONE, 16.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0259268"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1237","DOI":"10.4244\/EIJ-D-20-00139","article-title":"Collaborators. Angiographic predictors of outcome in myocardial infarction patients presenting with cardiogenic shock: A CULPRIT-SHOCK angiographic substudy","volume":"16","author":"Overtchouk","year":"2021","journal-title":"EuroIntervention"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1841","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2019.08.048","article-title":"Readmissions in ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction and Cardiogenic Shock (from Nationwide Readmission Database)","volume":"124","author":"Sud","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1002\/ccd.27838","article-title":"Predictors and etiologies of 30-day readmissions in patients with non-ST-elevation acute coronary syndrome","volume":"15","author":"Lemor","year":"2019","journal-title":"Catheter. Cardiovasc. Interv."}],"container-title":["Journal of Clinical Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/11\/12\/3558\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T23:35:52Z","timestamp":1760139352000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/11\/12\/3558"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,20]]},"references-count":21,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6]]}},"alternative-id":["jcm11123558"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm11123558","relation":{},"ISSN":["2077-0383"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2077-0383","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,20]]}}}