{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,10]],"date-time":"2026-07-10T00:47:19Z","timestamp":1783644439823,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,22]],"date-time":"2022-06-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1655856000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Iliotibial band syndrome (ITBS) represents one of the most common running related injuries. The pathophysiology is postulated to be caused by excessive ITB tension, impingement and irritation of soft tissues at the lateral femoral epicondyle. However, direct evidence has yet to be found and the multifactorial etiology is under discussion. The purpose was to evaluate stiffness of ITB, gluteus maximus (GM) and tensor fasciae latae (TFL) muscles using shear wave elastography (SWE). Methods: In 14 patients with clinically verified ITBS and 14 healthy controls, three SWE measurements each of ITB, GM and TFL in both legs was performed to determine measurement reliability and between-group and -leg differences. Results: The mean value of ITB was 12.8 m\/s with ICC of 0.76, whereas the values measured in the GM were 3.02 m\/s with an ICC of 0.87. No statistically significant difference in controls compared to patients were found (p = 0.62). The mean value of TFL was 5.42 m\/s in healthy participants, compared to 3.89 m\/s patients with an ICC of 0.98 (p = 0.002). Conclusion: Although SWE showed no difference in ITB stiffness, significant differences for TFL muscle stiffness in runner\u2019s knee was found, suggesting that the hip abductor muscles might play a bigger role in the pathophysiology of ITBS. We aimed to implement baseline values for stiffness assessments and prove reliability for further prospective studies of SWE in runner\u2019s knee.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11133605","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,22]],"date-time":"2022-06-22T21:31:06Z","timestamp":1655933466000},"page":"3605","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Intraobserver Assessment of Shear Wave Elastography in Tensor Fasciae Latae and Gluteus Maximus Muscle: The Importance of the Hip Abductor Muscles in Runners Knee Compared to Healthy Controls"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Andrea S.","family":"Klauser","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Radiology Department, Medical University Innsbruck, Anichstrasse 35, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Felix","family":"de-Koekkoek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Radiology Department, Medical University Innsbruck, Anichstrasse 35, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4438-9025","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christoph","family":"Schwabl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Radiology Department, Medical University Innsbruck, Anichstrasse 35, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christian","family":"Fink","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gelenkpunkt\u2014Sport- und Gelenkchirurgie Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miriam","family":"Friede","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fachhochschule K\u00e4rnten Gemeinn\u00fctzige Privatstiftung, 9020 Klagenfurt am W\u00f6rthersee, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3571-2799","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robert","family":"Csapo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Sport Science and University Sports, University of Vienna, 1010 Wien, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7580.2006.00531.x","article-title":"The functional anatomy of the iliotibial band during flexion and extension of the knee: Implications for understanding iliotibial band syndrome","volume":"208","author":"Fairclough","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Anat."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"969","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03262306","article-title":"Nijhuis-van der Sanden MW. Iliotibial band syndrome in runners: A systematic review","volume":"42","author":"Backx","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1177\/036354659602400321","article-title":"Biomechanics of Iliotibial Band Friction Syndrome in Runners","volume":"24","author":"Orchard","year":"1996","journal-title":"Am. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2015.08.001","article-title":"Iliotibial Band Syndrome in Runners: Biomechanical Implications and Exercise Interventions","volume":"27","author":"Baker","year":"2016","journal-title":"Phys. Med. Rehabil. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.36.2.95","article-title":"A retrospective case-control analysis of 2002 running injuries","volume":"36","author":"Taunton","year":"2002","journal-title":"Br. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1016\/j.csm.2010.03.009","article-title":"Evaluation of the Injured Runner","volume":"29","author":"Magrum","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"522","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2014.12.006","article-title":"The effect of angle and moment of the hip and knee joint on iliotibial band hardness","volume":"41","author":"Tateuchi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1109\/58.996561","article-title":"Shear elasticity probe for soft tissues with 1-D transient elastography","volume":"49","author":"Sandrin","year":"2002","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ultrason. Ferroelectr. Freq. Control"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"855","DOI":"10.1148\/rg.2017160116","article-title":"Shear-Wave Elastography: Basic Physics and Musculoskeletal Applications","volume":"37","author":"Taljanovic","year":"2017","journal-title":"RadioGraphics"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baur, D., Schwabl, C., Kremser, C., Taljanovic, M., Widmann, G., Sconfienza, L., Sztankay, J., Feuchtner, G., and Klauser, A. (2021). Shear Wave Elastography of the Plantar Fascia: Comparison between Patients with Plantar Fasciitis and Healthy Control Subjects. J. Clin. Med., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10112351"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"555982","DOI":"10.19080\/OROAJ.2021.18.555982","article-title":"Evaluation of Normal and Pathological Patellar Tendon by Real- Time Shear Wave Elastography","volume":"18","author":"Faur","year":"2021","journal-title":"Orthop. Rheumatol. Open Access J."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1097\/ruq.0b013e31815b7ed6","article-title":"Imaging and Estimation of Tissue Elasticity by Ultrasound","volume":"23","author":"Garra","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ultrasound Q."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1016\/j.acra.2019.04.009","article-title":"Shear Wave Elastography (SWE) for the Evaluation of Patients with Plantar Fasciitis","volume":"27","author":"Gatz","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acad. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1007\/s00256-017-2604-y","article-title":"The iliotibial tract: Imaging, anatomy, injuries, and other pathology","volume":"46","author":"Flato","year":"2017","journal-title":"Skelet. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1369","DOI":"10.1007\/s00256-014-1918-2","article-title":"The iliotibial band in acute knee trauma: Patterns of injury on MR imaging","volume":"43","author":"Mansour","year":"2014","journal-title":"Skelet. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1007\/s40477-020-00478-3","article-title":"Ultrasound of iliotibial band syndrome","volume":"23","author":"Gitto","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Ultrasound"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1417","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546509332039","article-title":"Treatment of recalcitrant iliotibial band friction syndrome with open iliotibial band bursectomy: Indications, technique, and clinical outcomes","volume":"37","author":"Hariri","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.32.1.68","article-title":"Assessment of the flexibility of elite athletes using the modified Thomas test","volume":"32","author":"Harvey","year":"1998","journal-title":"Br. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1007\/s12178-010-9061-8","article-title":"Iliotibial band friction syndrome","volume":"3","author":"Lavine","year":"2010","journal-title":"Curr. Rev. Musculoskelet. Med."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"851","DOI":"10.1177\/036354659402200619","article-title":"Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Iliotibial Band Syndrome","volume":"22","author":"Ekman","year":"1994","journal-title":"Am. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.1007\/s00256-017-2846-8","article-title":"Reproducibility of shear wave elastography measuresof the Achilles tendon","volume":"47","author":"Payne","year":"2018","journal-title":"Skelet. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, Z.J., and Fu, S.N. (2013). Shear Elastic Modulus on Patellar Tendon Captured from Supersonic Shear Imaging: Correlation with Tangent Traction Modulus Computed from Material Testing System and Test-Retest Reliability. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0068216"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8452717","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/8452717","article-title":"Regional Elastic Properties of the Achilles Tendon Is Heterogeneously Influenced by Individual Muscle of the Gastrocnemius","volume":"2019","author":"Zhou","year":"2019","journal-title":"Appl. Bionics Biomech."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1437","DOI":"10.1148\/rg.335125171","article-title":"Injury of the Gluteal Aponeurotic Fascia and Proximal Iliotibial Band: Anatomy, Pathologic Conditions, and MR Imaging","volume":"33","author":"Huang","year":"2013","journal-title":"RadioGraphics"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcm.2016.02.012","article-title":"A Guideline of Selecting and Reporting Intraclass Correlation Coefficients for Reliability Research","volume":"15","author":"Koo","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Chiropr. Med."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.2165\/00007256-200030010-00001","article-title":"Measures of Reliability in Sports Medicine and Science","volume":"30","author":"Hopkins","year":"2000","journal-title":"Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1310\/sci1803-273","article-title":"Minimal Detectable Change for Spatial and Temporal Measurements of Gait After Incomplete Spinal Cord Injury","volume":"18","author":"Nair","year":"2012","journal-title":"Top. Spinal Cord Inj. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"863","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2013.00863","article-title":"Calculating and reporting effect sizes to facilitate cumulative science: A practical primer for t-tests and ANOVAs","volume":"4","author":"Lakens","year":"2013","journal-title":"Front Psychol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ptsp.2020.06.015","article-title":"Stiffness of the iliotibial band and associated muscles in runner\u2019s knee: Assessing the effects of physiotherapy through ultrasound shear wave elastography","volume":"45","author":"Friede","year":"2020","journal-title":"Phys. Ther. Sport"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"728","DOI":"10.5435\/00124635-201112000-00003","article-title":"Iliotibial Band Syndrome: Evaluation and Management","volume":"19","author":"Strauss","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Orthop. Surg."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humov.2019.02.002","article-title":"Hip muscle response to a fatiguing run in females with iliotibial band syndrome","volume":"64","author":"Brown","year":"2019","journal-title":"Hum. Mov. Sci."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3023","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546518793657","article-title":"Is There a Pathological Gait Associated With Common Soft Tissue Running Injuries?","volume":"46","author":"Bramah","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1177\/036354658000800403","article-title":"Iliotibial band friction syndrome in runners","volume":"8","author":"Noble","year":"1980","journal-title":"Am. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.14366\/usg.18039","article-title":"Clinical utilization of shear wave elastography in the musculoskeletal system","volume":"38","author":"Davis","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ultrasonography"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110346","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2021.110346","article-title":"Influence of transducer orientation on shear wave velocity measurements of the iliotibial band","volume":"120","author":"Besomi","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2080","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0000000000002024","article-title":"Muscle Stiffness of the Vastus Lateralis in Sprinters and Long-Distance Runners","volume":"51","author":"Miyamoto","year":"2019","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sports Exerc."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1002\/pmrj.12255","article-title":"Sex Differences in Iliotibial Band Strain under Different Knee Alignments","volume":"12","author":"Kim","year":"2019","journal-title":"PM&R"}],"container-title":["Journal of Clinical Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/11\/13\/3605\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T23:37:35Z","timestamp":1760139455000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/11\/13\/3605"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,22]]},"references-count":37,"journal-issue":{"issue":"13","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7]]}},"alternative-id":["jcm11133605"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm11133605","relation":{},"ISSN":["2077-0383"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2077-0383","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,22]]}}}