{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T08:30:05Z","timestamp":1792053005772,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,28]],"date-time":"2022-06-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1656374400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Electromagnetic fields are emerging as a therapeutic option for patients with spasticity. They have been applied at brain or peripheral level. The effects of electromagnetic fields applied to the brain have been extensively studied for years in spasticity, but not so at the peripheral level. Therefore, the purpose of our work is to analyze the effects of electromagnetic fields, applied peripherally to spasticity. A systematic review was conducted resulting in 10 clinical trials. The frequency ranged from 1 Hz to 150 Hz, with 25 Hz being the most commonly used and the intensity it was gradually increased but there was low homogeneity in how it was increased. Positive results on spasticity were found in 80% of the studies: improvements in stretch reflex threshold, self questionnaire about difficulties related to spasticity, clinical spasticity score, performance scale, Ashworth scale, spastic tone, Hmax\/Mmax Ratio and active and passive dorsal flexion. However, results must be taken with caution due to the large heterogeneity and the small number of articles. In future studies, it would be interesting to agree on the parameters to be used, as well as the way of assessing spasticity, to be more objective in the study of their effectiveness.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11133739","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,29]],"date-time":"2022-06-29T01:48:38Z","timestamp":1656467318000},"page":"3739","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Effects of Peripheral Electromagnetic Fields on Spasticity: A Systematic Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4589-4442","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Jesus","family":"Vinolo-Gil","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nursing and Physiotherapy, University of Cadiz, 11009 Cadiz, Spain"},{"name":"Rehabilitation Clinical Management Unit, Interlevels-Intercenters Hospital Puerta del Mar, Hospital Puerto Real, Cadiz Bay-La Janda Health District, 11006 Cadiz, Spain"},{"name":"Biomedical Research and Innovation Institute of Cadiz (INiBICA), Research Unit, Puerta del Mar University Hospital, University of Cadiz, 11009 Cadiz, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0921-8263","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manuel","family":"Rodr\u00edguez-Huguet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nursing and Physiotherapy, University of Cadiz, 11009 Cadiz, Spain"},{"name":"Rehabilitation Clinical Management Unit, Interlevels-Intercenters Hospital Puerta del Mar, Hospital Puerto Real, Cadiz Bay-La Janda Health District, 11006 Cadiz, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2621-2098","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cristina","family":"Garc\u00eda-Mu\u00f1oz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nursing and Physiotherapy, University of Cadiz, 11009 Cadiz, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5850-3055","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gloria","family":"Gonzalez-Medina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nursing and Physiotherapy, University of Cadiz, 11009 Cadiz, Spain"},{"name":"Biomedical Research and Innovation Institute of Cadiz (INiBICA), Research Unit, Puerta del Mar University Hospital, University of Cadiz, 11009 Cadiz, Spain"},{"name":"CTS-986 Physical Therapy and Health (FISA), University Institute of Research in Social Sustainable Development (INDESS), 11009 Cadiz, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francisco Javier","family":"Martin-Vega","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nursing and Physiotherapy, University of Cadiz, 11009 Cadiz, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1664-3647","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roc\u00edo","family":"Mart\u00edn-Valero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Health Science, Ampliacion de Campus de Teatinos, University of Malaga, C\/Arquitecto Francisco Pe\u00f1alosa 3, 29071 Malaga, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1615\/CritRevPhysRehabilMed.2013007945","article-title":"A Review of Spasticity Treatments: Pharmacological and Interventional Approaches","volume":"25","author":"Chang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Crit. 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