{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T00:59:16Z","timestamp":1788829156827,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,5]],"date-time":"2022-07-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1656979200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Biogen"},{"name":"Pfizer"},{"name":"Takeda"},{"name":"Galapagos"},{"name":"AbbVie"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>(1) Aims: Patients receiving antitumor necrosis factor (anti-TNF) therapy are at risk of developing tuberculosis (TB), usually due to the reactivation of a latent TB infection (LTBI). LTBI screening and treatment decreases the risk of TB. This study evaluated the diagnostic performance of different LTBI screening strategies in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). (2) Methods: Patients in the Spanish ENEIDA registry with IBD screened for LTBI between January 2003 and January 2018 were included. The diagnostic yield of different strategies (dual screening with tuberculin skin test [TST] and interferon-\u05e5-release assay [IGRA], two-step TST, and early screening performed at least 12 months before starting biological treatment) was analyzed. (3) Results: Out of 7594 screened patients, 1445 (19%; 95% CI 18\u201320%) had LTBI. Immunomodulator (IMM) treatment at screening decreased the probability of detecting LTBI (20% vs. 17%, p = 0.001). Regarding screening strategies, LTBI was more frequently diagnosed by dual screening than by a single screening strategy (IGRA, OR 0.60; 95% CI 0.50\u20130.73, p &lt; 0.001; TST, OR 0.76; 95% CI 0.66\u20130.88, p &lt; 0.001). Two-step TST increased the diagnostic yield of a single TST by 24%. More cases of LTBI were diagnosed by early screening than by routine screening before starting anti-TNF agents (21% [95% CI 20\u201322%] vs. 14% [95% CI 13\u201316%], p &lt; 0.001). The highest diagnostic performance for LTBI (29%) was obtained by combining early and TST\/IGRA dual screening strategies in patients without IMM. (4): Conclusions: Both early screening and TST\/IGRA dual screening strategies significantly increased diagnostic performance for LTBI in patients with IBD, with optimal performance achieved when they are used together in the absence of IMM.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11133915","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,5]],"date-time":"2022-07-05T10:21:33Z","timestamp":1657016493000},"page":"3915","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Performance of Screening Strategies for Latent Tuberculosis Infection in Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Results from the ENEIDA Registry of GETECCU"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9383-3698","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sabino","family":"Riestra","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Gastroenterology Department, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), 33011 Oviedo, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carlos","family":"Taxonera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gastroenterology Department, Hospital Cl\u00ednico Universitario San Carlos, Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n del Hospital Cl\u00ednico San Carlos (IdISSC), 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4023-8868","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yamile","family":"Zabana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gastroenterology Department, Hospital Universitari M\u00fatua Terrassa, Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica en Red de Enfermedades Hep\u00e1ticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), 08221 Terrassa, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Carpio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gastroenterology Department, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Pontevedra, 36071 Pontevedra, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9275-4242","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mar\u00eda","family":"Chaparro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gastroenterology Department, Hospital Universitario de La Princesa, Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria Princesa (IIS-IP), Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Madrid (UAM), Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica en Red de Enfermedades Hep\u00e1ticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), 28006 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7087-3921","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jes\u00fas","family":"Barrio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gastroenterology Department, Hospital Universitario R\u00edo Hortega, 47012 Valladolid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Montserrat","family":"Rivero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gastroenterology Department, Hospital Universitario Marqu\u00e9s de Valdecilla, Universidad de Cantabria, Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria Valdecilla (IDIVAL), 37008 Santander, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonio","family":"L\u00f3pez-Sanroman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gastroenterology Department, Hospital Universitario Ram\u00f3n y Cajal, 28034 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda","family":"Esteve","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gastroenterology Department, Hospital Universitari M\u00fatua Terrassa, Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica en Red de Enfermedades Hep\u00e1ticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), 08221 Terrassa, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruth","family":"de Francisco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gastroenterology Department, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), 33011 Oviedo, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7544-451X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guillermo","family":"Bastida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gastroenterology Department, Hospital Universitari i Politecnic La Fe, Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica en Red de Enfermedades Hep\u00e1ticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), 46026 Valencia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3970-5457","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Santiago","family":"Garc\u00eda-L\u00f3pez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gastroenterology Department, Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet, Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria Arag\u00f3n (IISA), 50009 Zaragoza, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miriam","family":"Ma\u00f1osa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gastroenterology Department, Hospital Universitari Germans Trials i Pujol, Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica en Red de Enfermedades Hep\u00e1ticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), 08916 Badalona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda Dolores","family":"Martin-Arranz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gastroenterology Department, Hospital Universitario La Paz, Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria del Hospital La Paz (IdiPAZ), 28046 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9 L\u00e1zaro","family":"P\u00e9rez-Calle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gastroenterology Department, Hospital Universitario Fundaci\u00f3n Alcorc\u00f3n, 28922 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jordi","family":"Guardiola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gastroenterology Department, Hospital Universitario de Bellvitge, Institut d\u2019Investigaci\u00f3 Biom\u00e8dica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), 08907 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fernando","family":"Mu\u00f1oz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gastroenterology Department, Hospital Universitario de Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Arranz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gastroenterology Department, Hospital Nuestra Se\u00f1ora de la Candelaria, 38010 Tenerife, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3068-5659","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 Luis","family":"Cabriada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gastroenterology Department, Hospital de Galdakao-Usansolo, 48960 Galdakao, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mariana Fe","family":"Garc\u00eda-Sepulcre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gastroenterology Department, Hospital General Universitario de Elche, 03203 Alicante, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Merc\u00e8","family":"Navarro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gastroenterology Department, Hospital Sant Joan Desp\u00ed-Mois\u00e8s Broggi, 08970 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7676-9842","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miguel \u00c1ngel","family":"Montoro-Huguet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gastroenterology Department, Hospital San Jorge, 22004 Huesca, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elena","family":"Ricart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gastroenterology Department, Hospital Clinic i Provincial, IDIBAPS, Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica en Red de Enfermedades Hep\u00e1ticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), 08036 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fernando","family":"Bermejo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gastroenterology Department, Hospital Universitario de Fuenlabrada, Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria Hospital La Paz (IdiPaz), 28942 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6278-9663","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xavier","family":"Calvet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gastroenterology Department, Hospital Universitari Parc Taul\u00ed, Dep\u00e0rtament de Medicina Universitat Aut\u00f2noma de Barcelona, Sabadell, CIBERehd, 08208 Sabadell, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3874-2638","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marta","family":"Piqueras","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gastroenterology Department, Consorcio Sanitario de Terrasa, 08227 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Esther","family":"Garcia-Planella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gastroenterology Department, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, 08041 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luc\u00eda","family":"M\u00e1rquez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gastroenterology Department, Hospital del Mar, Institut Hospital del Mar d\u2019Investigacions M\u00e8diques, 08003 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miguel","family":"M\u00ednguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gastroenterology Department, Hospital Cl\u00ednico Universitario de Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manuel","family":"Van Domselar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gastroenterology Department, Hospital Universitario de Torrej\u00f3n, 28850 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luis","family":"Bujanda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gastroenterology Department, Hospital Universitario de Donostia\/Biodonostia, Universidad del Pa\u00eds Vasco (UPV\/EHU), Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica en Red de Enfermedades Hep\u00e1ticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), 20014 San Sebasti\u00e1n, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xavier","family":"Aldeguer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gastroenterology Department, Hospital Universitario de Girona Dr Josep Trueta, 17007 Girona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Beatriz","family":"Sicilia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gastroenterology Department, Hospital Universitario de Burgos, 09006 Burgos, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eva","family":"Iglesias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gastroenterology Department, Hospital Reina Sof\u00eda, IMIBIC, 14004 C\u00f3rdoba, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guillermo","family":"Alca\u00edn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gastroenterology Department, Hospital Cl\u00ednico de M\u00e1laga, 29010 M\u00e1laga, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2535-1929","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Isabel","family":"P\u00e9rez-Mart\u00ednez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gastroenterology Department, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), 33011 Oviedo, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1793-7049","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Valeria","family":"Rolle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gastroenterology Department, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), 33011 Oviedo, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7921-9026","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andr\u00e9s","family":"Casta\u00f1o-Garc\u00eda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gastroenterology Department, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), 33011 Oviedo, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2090-3445","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Javier","family":"P. Gisbert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gastroenterology Department, Hospital Universitario de La Princesa, Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria Princesa (IIS-IP), Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Madrid (UAM), Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica en Red de Enfermedades Hep\u00e1ticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), 28006 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2315-7196","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eugeni","family":"Dom\u00e8nech","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gastroenterology Department, Hospital Universitari Germans Trials i Pujol, Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica en Red de Enfermedades Hep\u00e1ticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), 08916 Badalona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"on behalf of the ENEIDA registry from GETECCU","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1098","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa011110","article-title":"Tuberculosis associated with infliximab, a tumor necrosis factor \u03b1-neutralizing agent","volume":"345","author":"Keane","year":"2001","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e022445","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2018-022445","article-title":"Screening and prevention for latent tuberculosis in immunosuppressed patients at risk for tuberculosis: A systematic review of clinical practice guidelines","volume":"8","author":"Hasan","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1766","DOI":"10.1002\/art.21043","article-title":"Effectiveness of recommendations to prevent reactivation of latent tuberculosis infection in patients treated with tumor necrosis factor antagonists","volume":"52","author":"Carmona","year":"2005","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1179","DOI":"10.1093\/ecco-jcc\/jjw129","article-title":"Negative screening does not rule out the risk of tuberculosis in patients with inflammatory bowel disease undergoing anti-TNF treatment: A descriptive study on the GETAID cohort","volume":"10","author":"Abitbol","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Crohns Colitis"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1431","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.16839","article-title":"Stringent screening strategy significantly reduces reactivation rates of tuberculosis in patients with inflammatory bowel disease on anti-TNF therapy in tuberculosis endemic region","volume":"55","author":"Kumar","year":"2022","journal-title":"Aliment. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1186","DOI":"10.1093\/ecco-jcc\/jjw022","article-title":"Tuberculosis in anti-tumour necrosis factor treated inflammatory bowel disease patients after the implementation of preventive measures: Compliance with recommendations and safety of retreatment","volume":"10","author":"Carpio","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Crohns Colitis"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1136\/thoraxjnl-2015-207811","article-title":"Effect of immunosuppressive therapy on interferon \u03b3 release assay for latent tuberculosis screening in patients with autoimmune diseases: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"71","author":"Wong","year":"2016","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.14309\/ajg.0000000000000527","article-title":"Risk of Tuberculosis in Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease on Infliximab or Adalimumab Is Dependent on the Local Disease Burden of Tuberculosis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"115","author":"Kedia","year":"2020","journal-title":"Off. J. Am. Coll. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.16952","article-title":"Review article: Latent tuberculosis in patients with inflammatory bowel diseases receiving immunosuppression-risks, screening, diagnosis and management","volume":"56","author":"Fehily","year":"2022","journal-title":"Aliment. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"792","DOI":"10.1093\/ecco-jcc\/jjx022","article-title":"Early tuberculin skin test for the diagnosis of latent tuberculosis infection in patients with inflammatory Bowel disease","volume":"11","author":"Taxonera","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Crohns Colitis"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1387","DOI":"10.1002\/ibd.20496","article-title":"Tuberculous chemoprophylaxis requirements and safety in inflammatory bowel disease patients prior to anti-TNF therapy","volume":"14","author":"Zabana","year":"2008","journal-title":"Inflamm. Bowel. Dis."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1097\/01.MIB.0000438429.38423.62","article-title":"T-cell profiling and the immunodiagnosis of latent tuberculosis infection in patients with inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"20","author":"Riestra","year":"2014","journal-title":"Inflamm. Bowel. Dis."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2068","DOI":"10.1002\/art.34382","article-title":"Interferon-gamma release assay versus tuberculin skin test prior to treatment with golimumab, a human anti-tumor necrosis factor antibody, in patients with rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, or ankylosing spondylitis","volume":"64","author":"Hsia","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arth. Rheum."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1791","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2011-200941","article-title":"Screening for latent tuberculosis infection: Performance of tuberculin skin test and interferon-gamma release assays under real-life conditions","volume":"71","author":"Kleinert","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ann. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"879","DOI":"10.1093\/ecco-jcc\/jjab052","article-title":"ECCO Guidelines on the Prevention, Diagnosis, and Management of Infections in Inflammatory Bowel Disease","volume":"15","author":"Kucharzik","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Crohns. Colitis."},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2018). Global Tuberculosis Report 2018, World Health Organization. Available online: https:\/\/apps.who.int\/iris\/handle\/10665\/274453."},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"(2017). Informe Epidemiol\u00f3gico Sobre la Situaci\u00f3n de la Tuberculosis en Espa\u00f1a, Red Nacional de Epidemiolog\u00eda, Centro Nacional de Epidemiolog\u00eda, Instituto de Salud Carlos III."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Houben, R.M., and Dodd, P.J. (2016). The Global Burden of Latent Tuberculosis Infection: A Re-estimation Using Mathematical Modelling. PLoS Med., 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1002152"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gastrohep.2020.04.006","article-title":"Recommendations of the Spanish Working Group on Crohn's Disease and Ulcerative Colitis (GETECCU) on screening and treatment of tuberculosis infection in patients with inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"44","author":"Riestra","year":"2021","journal-title":"Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gastrohep.2020.05.007","article-title":"The ENEIDA registry (Nationwide study on genetic and environmental determinants of inflammatory bowel disease) by GETECCU: Design, monitoring and functions","volume":"43","author":"Zabana","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/S0210-5705(03)70338-0","article-title":"Consensus guideline on tuberculosis and treatment of inflammatory bowel disease with infliximab. Spanish Working Group on Crohn Disease and Ulcerative Colitis","volume":"26","author":"Obrador","year":"2003","journal-title":"Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"(2020, May 15). Incidence of tuberculosis (per 100,000 people) - Spain. Available online: https:\/\/data.worldbank.org\/indicator\/SH.TBS.INCD?locations=ES."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2127","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1405427","article-title":"Latent Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection","volume":"372","author":"Getahun","year":"2015","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"(2020, May 15). Demograf\u00eda y poblaci\u00f3n. Available online: https:\/\/www.ine.es\/dyngs\/INEbase\/es\/categoria.htm?c=Estadistica_P&cid=1254734710984."}],"container-title":["Journal of Clinical Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/11\/13\/3915\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T23:43:01Z","timestamp":1760139781000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/11\/13\/3915"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,5]]},"references-count":24,"journal-issue":{"issue":"13","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7]]}},"alternative-id":["jcm11133915"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm11133915","relation":{},"ISSN":["2077-0383"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2077-0383","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,5]]}}}