{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,30]],"date-time":"2026-10-30T18:27:22Z","timestamp":1793384842546,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":117,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,9]],"date-time":"2022-07-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1657324800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Children\u2019s Hospital Foundation (CHF)","award":["5P20GM134973"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["5P20GM134973"]}]},{"name":"Presbyterian Health Foundation (PHF)","award":["5P20GM134973"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["5P20GM134973"]}]},{"name":"Division of Neonatology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center","award":["5P20GM134973"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["5P20GM134973"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"Oklahoma Center for Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunity","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["5P20GM134973"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["5P20GM134973"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Neonates with congenital heart disease (CHD) are at an increased risk of developing necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC), an acute inflammatory intestinal injury most commonly associated with preterm infants. The rarity of this complex disease, termed cardiac NEC, has resulted in a dearth of information on its pathophysiology. However, a higher incidence in term infants, effects on more distal regions of the intestine, and potentially a differential immune response may distinguish cardiac NEC as a distinct condition from the more common preterm, classical NEC. In this review, risk factors, differentiated from those of classical NEC, are discussed according to their potential contribution to the disease process, and a general pathogenesis is postulated for cardiac NEC. Additionally, biomarkers specific to cardiac NEC, clinical outcomes, and strategies for achieving enteral feeds are discussed. Working towards an understanding of the mechanisms underlying cardiac NEC may aid in future diagnosis of the condition and provide potential therapeutic targets.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11143987","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,10]],"date-time":"2022-07-10T22:48:00Z","timestamp":1657493280000},"page":"3987","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":38,"title":["Clinical Characteristics and Potential Pathogenesis of Cardiac Necrotizing Enterocolitis in Neonates with Congenital Heart Disease: A Narrative Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4128-5383","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kathryn Y.","family":"Burge","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aarthi","family":"Gunasekaran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marjorie M.","family":"Makoni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arshid M.","family":"Mir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Harold M.","family":"Burkhart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Division of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7112-564X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hala","family":"Chaaban","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2019.11.011","article-title":"Contemporary Outcomes for Infants with Necrotizing Enterocolitis\u2014A Systematic Review","volume":"220","author":"Jones","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. 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