{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T17:00:13Z","timestamp":1791478813969,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,13]],"date-time":"2022-07-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1657670400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province, China","award":["2019A1515011196"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019A1515011196"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province, China","award":["81970808"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81970808"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["2019A1515011196"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019A1515011196"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["81970808"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81970808"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>(1) Purpose: To measure the change in vessel density (VD) and the flow area (FA) on the retina of eyes with primary angle-closure diseases (PACD), including primary angle-closure suspect (PACS), primary angle-closure (PAC), acute primary angle-closure (APAC) and primary angle-closure glaucoma (PACG). (2) Methods: Patients with PACD were prospectively enrolled in this study. All participants underwent thorough ophthalmic examinations. The mean defect (MD), retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL), ganglion cell complex (GCC) thickness, VD measurement, and blood FA were measured. (3) Results: A total of 147 eyes from 121 subjects were included in this study. The VD of the nerve head layer was significantly lower in PACG and APAC (all p &lt; 0.001). APAC and PACG had lower FA of all layers, except for the choroid layer (p &lt; 0.05). The macular VD of the whole image and blood FA in the superficial layer was significantly lower in PACG (all p &lt; 0.001). The MD, RNFL, and GCC thickness demonstrated a strong correlation with whole image VD in the superficial layer (p &lt; 0.001), while the inside disc VD did not show a significant correlation with MD, RNFL, and GCC thickness (p &gt; 0.05). (4) Conclusions: There was a significant decrease in the VD and FA on the optic disc as well as the VD and FA of the superficial layer in the macular area in APAC and PACG. The changes in VD and FA are correlated with the severity of the glaucomatous structural damage and functional impairment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11144040","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,12]],"date-time":"2022-07-12T23:02:01Z","timestamp":1657666921000},"page":"4040","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Quantitative Measurements of Vessel Density and Blood Flow Areas Primary Angle Closure Diseases: A Study of Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Bingying","family":"Lin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510060, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chengguo","family":"Zuo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510060, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xinbo","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510060, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Danping","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510060, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mingkai","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510060, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.80.5.389","article-title":"Number of people with glaucoma worldwide","volume":"80","author":"Quigley","year":"1996","journal-title":"Br. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.2005.081224","article-title":"The number of people with glaucoma worldwide in 2010 and 2020","volume":"90","author":"Quigley","year":"2006","journal-title":"Br. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1097\/00055735-199704000-00007","article-title":"New definitions of glaucoma","volume":"8","author":"Gupta","year":"1997","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S3","DOI":"10.1016\/0039-6257(94)90041-8","article-title":"The vascular concept of glaucoma","volume":"38","author":"Flammer","year":"1994","journal-title":"Surv. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.86.2.238","article-title":"The definition and classification of glaucoma in prevalence surveys","volume":"86","author":"Foster","year":"2002","journal-title":"Br. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3127","DOI":"10.1364\/BOE.3.003127","article-title":"Quantitative OCT angiography of optic nerve head blood flow","volume":"3","author":"Jia","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biomed. Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1322","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2014.01.021","article-title":"Optical coherence tomography angiography of optic disc perfusion in glaucoma","volume":"121","author":"Jia","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6956717","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/6956717","article-title":"Optic disc vascularization in glaucoma: Value of spectral-domain optical coherence tomography angiography","volume":"2016","author":"Leveque","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1045","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2015.2225","article-title":"Optical coherence tomography angiography of the peripapillary retina in glaucoma","volume":"133","author":"Liu","year":"2015","journal-title":"JAMA Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"OCT451","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.15-18944","article-title":"Optical coherence tomography angiography vessel density in healthy, glaucoma suspect, and glaucoma eyes","volume":"57","author":"Yarmohammadi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2016.08.030","article-title":"Regional comparisons of optical coherence tomography angiography vessel density in primary open-angle glaucoma","volume":"171","author":"Rao","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6265","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.16-20287","article-title":"OCT angiography of the peripapillary retina in primary open-angle glaucoma","volume":"57","author":"Lee","year":"2016","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1066","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2016-309377","article-title":"Diagnostic ability of peripapillary vessel density measurements of optical coherence tomography angiography in primary open-angle and angle-closure glaucoma","volume":"101","author":"Rao","year":"2017","journal-title":"Br. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2017.07.024","article-title":"Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography of the Peripapillary Retina in Primary Angle-Closure Glaucoma","volume":"182","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2017.02.020","article-title":"Vessel Density and Structural Measurements of Optical Coherence Tomography in Primary Angle Closure and Primary Angle Closure Glaucoma","volume":"177","author":"Rao","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1167\/tvst.9.8.19","article-title":"Different Effect of Media Opacity on Vessel Density Measured by Different Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography Algorithms","volume":"9","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Transl. Vis. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7849","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.13-13158","article-title":"Choroidal thickness in the subtypes of angle closure: An EDI-OCT study","volume":"54","author":"Huang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4710","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.20.004710","article-title":"Split-spectrum amplitude-decorrelation angiography with optical coherence tomography","volume":"20","author":"Jia","year":"2012","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rao, H.L., Pradhan, Z.S., Weinreb, R.N., Riyazuddin, M., Dasari, S., Venugopal, J.P., Puttaiah, N.K., Rao, D.A., Devi, S., and Mansouri, K. (2017). A comparison of the diagnostic ability of vessel density and structural measurements of optical coherence tomography in primary open angle glaucoma. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0173930"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"735","DOI":"10.1097\/IJG.0000000000000722","article-title":"The quantitative measurements of vascular density and flow area of optic nerve head using optical coherence tomography angiography","volume":"26","author":"Bazvand","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Glaucoma"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2016.06.009","article-title":"Microvascular density in glaucomatous eyes with hemifield visual field defects: An optical coherence tomography angiography study","volume":"168","author":"Akagi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e4341","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000004341","article-title":"Macular microvasculature alterations in patients with primary open-angle glaucoma: A cross-sectional study","volume":"95","author":"Xu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2498","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2016.08.041","article-title":"Relationship between optical coherence tomography angiography vessel density and severity of visual field loss in glaucoma","volume":"123","author":"Yarmohammadi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1097\/IJG.0000000000000900","article-title":"Reduced Retinal Vessel Density in Primary Angle Closure Glaucoma: A Quantitative Study Using Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography","volume":"27","author":"Zhu","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Glaucoma"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18717","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-73223-9","article-title":"Macular vessel density and foveal avascular zone parameters in patients after acute primary angle closure determined by OCT angiography","volume":"10","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7526185","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/7526185","article-title":"Vessel Density and Structural Measurements in Primary Angle-Closure Suspect Glaucoma Using Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography","volume":"2020","author":"Zha","year":"2020","journal-title":"BioMed Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lin, Y., Chen, S., and Zhang, M. (2021). Peripapillary vessel density measurement of quadrant and clock-hour sectors in primary angle closure glaucoma using optical coherence tomography angiography. BMC Ophthalmol., 21.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12886-021-02093-0"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1097\/APO.0000000000000370","article-title":"Peripapillary Perfused Capillary Density in Acute Angle-Closure Glaucoma: An Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography Study","volume":"10","author":"Suwan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Asia-Pac. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5608","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-62633-4","article-title":"Optic Disc and Macular Vessel Density Measured by Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography in Open-Angle and Angle-Closure Glaucoma","volume":"10","author":"Hou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2389","DOI":"10.1007\/s10792-021-01793-2","article-title":"Changes in circumpapillary retinal vessel density after acute primary angle closure episode via OCT angiography","volume":"41","author":"Nie","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1338","DOI":"10.1038\/s41433-018-0077-4","article-title":"Diagnostic capacity of SD-OCT segmented ganglion cell complex versus retinal nerve fiber layer analysis for congenital glaucoma","volume":"32","author":"Nieves","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eye"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1007\/s10384-006-0433-y","article-title":"Measurement of retinal nerve fiber layer thickness and macular volume for glaucoma detection using optical coherence tomography","volume":"51","author":"Ojima","year":"2007","journal-title":"Jpn. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"949","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2007.08.011","article-title":"Mapping of macular substructures with optical coherence tomography for glaucoma diagnosis","volume":"115","author":"Tan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2012.08.003","article-title":"Glaucomatous damage of the macula","volume":"32","author":"Hood","year":"2013","journal-title":"Prog. Retin. Eye Res."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1043","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2019.12.030","article-title":"Ganglion Cell Complex Thickness and Macular Vessel Density Loss in Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma","volume":"127","author":"Hou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1056","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-80080-z","article-title":"Macular vessel density, branching complexity and foveal avascular zone size in normal tension glaucoma","volume":"11","author":"Cheng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1955","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-021-05120-4","article-title":"Superficial macular vessel density in eyes with mild, moderate, and severe primary open-angle glaucoma","volume":"259","author":"Huo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Graefe\u2019s Arch. Clin. Exp. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bojikian, K.D., Chen, C.L., Wen, J.C., Zhang, Q., Xin, C., Gupta, D., Mudumbai, R.C., Johnstone, M.A., Wang, R.K., and Chen, P.P. (2016). Optic disc perfusion in primary open angle and normal tension glaucoma eyes using optical coherence tomography-based microangiography. PLoS ONE, 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0154691"}],"container-title":["Journal of Clinical Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/11\/14\/4040\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T23:49:12Z","timestamp":1760140152000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/11\/14\/4040"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,13]]},"references-count":38,"journal-issue":{"issue":"14","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7]]}},"alternative-id":["jcm11144040"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm11144040","relation":{},"ISSN":["2077-0383"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2077-0383","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,13]]}}}