{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,26]],"date-time":"2026-03-26T13:26:47Z","timestamp":1774531607212,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":75,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,13]],"date-time":"2022-07-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1657670400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Introduction: The perinatal period is an at-risk period for the emergence or decompensation of psychiatric disorders. Transcranial electrical stimulation (tES) is an effective and safe treatment for many psychiatric disorders. Given the reluctance to use pharmacological treatments during pregnancy or breastfeeding, tES may be an interesting treatment to consider. Our study aims to evaluate the efficacy and safety of tES in the perinatal period through a systematic literature review followed by three original case reports. Method: Following PRISMA guidelines, a systematic review of MEDLINE and ScienceDirect was undertaken to identify studies on tES on women during the perinatal period. The initial research was conducted until 31 December 2021 and search terms included: tDCS, transcranial direct current stimulation, tACS, transcranial alternating current stimulation, tRNS, transcranial random noise stimulation, pregnancy, perinatal, postnatal, and postpartum. Results: Seven studies reporting on 33 women during the perinatal period met the eligibility criteria. No serious adverse effects for the mother or child were reported. Data were limited to the use of tES during pregnancy in patients with schizophrenia or unipolar depression. In addition, we reported three original case reports illustrating the efficacy and safety of tDCS: in a pregnant woman with bipolar depression, in a pregnant woman with post-traumatic stress disorder (sham tDCS), and in a breastfeeding woman with postpartum depression. Conclusions: The results are encouraging, making tES a potentially safe and effective treatment in the perinatal period. Larger studies are needed to confirm these initial results, and any adverse effects on the mother or child should be reported. In addition, research perspectives on the medico-economic benefits of tES, and its realization at home, are to be investigated in the future.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11144048","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,13]],"date-time":"2022-07-13T22:06:00Z","timestamp":1657749960000},"page":"4048","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Efficacy and Safety of Transcranial Electric Stimulation during the Perinatal Period: A Systematic Literature Review and Three Case Reports"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7806-961X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrew","family":"Laurin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Movement-Interactions-Performance (MIP), UR 4334, Nantes Universit\u00e9, CHU Nantes, F-44000 Nantes, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"No\u00e9mie","family":"Nard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Service de Psychiatrie G08 & Service Hospitalo-Universitaire de Psychiatrie de l\u2019Adulte, Centre Hospitalier du Rouvray, 4, rue Paul Eluard, F-76300 Sotteville-l\u00e8s-Rouen, France"},{"name":"Facult\u00e9 de M\u00e9decine, Universit\u00e9 de Normandie, 22, boulevard Gambetta, F-76000 Rouen, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marine","family":"Dalmont","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Service de Psychiatrie G08 & Service Hospitalo-Universitaire de Psychiatrie de l\u2019Adulte, Centre Hospitalier du Rouvray, 4, rue Paul Eluard, F-76300 Sotteville-l\u00e8s-Rouen, France"},{"name":"Facult\u00e9 de M\u00e9decine, Universit\u00e9 de Normandie, 22, boulevard Gambetta, F-76000 Rouen, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Samuel","family":"Bulteau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Investigation Unit 18, Department of Addictology and Psychiatry, CHU Nantes, F-44000 Nantes, France"},{"name":"MethodS in Patients-Centered Outcomes and HEalth Research (SPHERE), Institut National de la Sant\u00e9 et de la Recherche M\u00e9dicale (INSERM), Nantes Universit\u00e9, F-44000 Nantes, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Clo\u00e9","family":"B\u00e9nard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nantes Universit\u00e9, F-44000 Nantes, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0005-4765","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Olivier","family":"Bonnot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nantes Universit\u00e9, F-44000 Nantes, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Norbert","family":"Winer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Service de Gyn\u00e9cologie Obst\u00e9trique, Institut National de Recherche pour l\u2019Agriculture, l\u2019Alimentation et l\u2019Environnement (INRAE[M1]), UMR 1280, PhAN, Nantes Universit\u00e9, CHU Nantes, F-44000 Nantes, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fran\u00e7oise","family":"Dupont","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CHU Nantes, F-44000 Nantes, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5185-1479","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gis\u00e8le","family":"Apter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Service de P\u00e9dopsychiatrie Universitaire, Groupe Hospitalier du Havre, F-76290 Havre, France"},{"name":"Facult\u00e9 de M\u00e9decine de Normandie, 22, boulevard Gambetta, F-76000 Rouen, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fr\u00e9d\u00e9rique","family":"Terranova-Commessie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Service de Psychiatrie G08 & Service Hospitalo-Universitaire de Psychiatrie de l\u2019Adulte, Centre Hospitalier du Rouvray, 4, rue Paul Eluard, F-76300 Sotteville-l\u00e8s-Rouen, France"},{"name":"Facult\u00e9 de M\u00e9decine, Universit\u00e9 de Normandie, 22, boulevard Gambetta, F-76000 Rouen, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Olivier","family":"Guillin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Service de Psychiatrie G08 & Service Hospitalo-Universitaire de Psychiatrie de l\u2019Adulte, Centre Hospitalier du Rouvray, 4, rue Paul Eluard, F-76300 Sotteville-l\u00e8s-Rouen, France"},{"name":"Facult\u00e9 de M\u00e9decine, Universit\u00e9 de Normandie, 22, boulevard Gambetta, F-76000 Rouen, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3877-0855","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wissam","family":"El-Hage","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UMR 1253, iBrain, INSERM, Universit\u00e9 de Tours, F-37000 Tours, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anne","family":"Sauvaget","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Movement-Interactions-Performance (MIP), UR 4334, Nantes Universit\u00e9, CHU Nantes, F-44000 Nantes, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maud","family":"Roth\u00e4rmel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Service de Psychiatrie G08 & Service Hospitalo-Universitaire de Psychiatrie de l\u2019Adulte, Centre Hospitalier du Rouvray, 4, rue Paul Eluard, F-76300 Sotteville-l\u00e8s-Rouen, France"},{"name":"Facult\u00e9 de M\u00e9decine, Universit\u00e9 de Normandie, 22, boulevard Gambetta, F-76000 Rouen, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e919","DOI":"10.1038\/tp.2016.190","article-title":"Perinatal psychiatric episodes: A population-based study on treatment incidence and prevalence","volume":"6","author":"Maegbaek","year":"2016","journal-title":"Transl. 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