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cerebrales","award":["RD21\/0006\/0008"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RD21\/0006\/0008"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Myopia is the most common refractive error worldwide. This cannot be explained by genetic factors alone, therefore, environmental factors may play an important role. Hence, the main objective of this study was to analyse whether outdoor exposure could exert a protective effect against the development of myopia in a cohort of young adults and to investigate ultraviolet autofluorescence (CUVAF), as a biomarker of time spent outdoors. A cross-sectional observational study was carried out using two cohorts. A total of 208 participants were recruited, 156 medical students and 52 environmental science students. The data showed that 66.66% of the medical students were myopic, while 50% of the environmental science students were myopic (p = 0.021). Environmental science students spent significantly more hours per week doing outdoor activities than medical students (p &lt; 0.0001), but there was no significant difference with respect to near work activities between them. In both cohorts, the degree of myopia was inversely associated with CUVAF, and a statistically significant positive correlation was observed between spherical equivalent and CUVAF (Pearson\u2019s r = 0.248). In conclusion, outdoor activities could reduce the onset and progression of myopia not only in children, but also in young adults. In addition, CUVAF represents an objective, non-invasive biomarker of outdoor exposure that is inversely associated with myopia.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11154264","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,22]],"date-time":"2022-07-22T12:53:45Z","timestamp":1658494425000},"page":"4264","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["A Cross-Sectional Observational Study of the Relationship between Outdoor Exposure and Myopia in University Students, Measured by Conjunctival Ultraviolet Autofluorescence (CUVAF)"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Valentina","family":"Bilbao-Malav\u00e9","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Opthalmology, Cl\u00ednica Universidad de Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain"},{"name":"Retinal Pathologies and New Therapies Group, Experimental Ophthalmology Laboratory, Department of Ophthalmology, Universidad de Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jorge","family":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Zamora","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Opthalmology, Cl\u00ednica Universidad de Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain"},{"name":"Retinal Pathologies and New Therapies Group, Experimental Ophthalmology Laboratory, Department of Ophthalmology, Universidad de Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elsa","family":"G\u00e1ndara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Opthalmology, Cl\u00ednica Universidad de Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Miriam","family":"de la Puente","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Opthalmology, Cl\u00ednica Universidad de Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain"},{"name":"Retinal Pathologies and New Therapies Group, Experimental Ophthalmology Laboratory, Department of 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Ophthalmology Laboratory, Department of Ophthalmology, Universidad de Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain"},{"name":"Navarra Institute for Health Research, IdiSNA, 31008 Pamplona, Spain"},{"name":"Red Tem\u00e1tica de Investigaci\u00f3n Cooperativa en Salud (RD16\/0008\/0011), Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovaci\u00f3n y Universidades, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Patricia","family":"Fern\u00e1ndez-Robredo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Opthalmology, Cl\u00ednica Universidad de Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain"},{"name":"Retinal Pathologies and New Therapies Group, Experimental Ophthalmology Laboratory, Department of Ophthalmology, Universidad de Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain"},{"name":"Navarra Institute for Health Research, IdiSNA, 31008 Pamplona, Spain"},{"name":"Red Tem\u00e1tica de Investigaci\u00f3n Cooperativa en Salud (RD16\/0008\/0011), Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovaci\u00f3n y Universidades, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9375-4535","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manuel","family":"S\u00e1enz de Viteri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Opthalmology, Cl\u00ednica Universidad de Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain"},{"name":"Retinal Pathologies and New Therapies Group, Experimental Ophthalmology Laboratory, Department of Ophthalmology, Universidad de Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain"},{"name":"Navarra Institute for Health Research, IdiSNA, 31008 Pamplona, Spain"},{"name":"Red Tem\u00e1tica de Investigaci\u00f3n Cooperativa en Salud (RD16\/0008\/0011), Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovaci\u00f3n y Universidades, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0654-0249","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jes\u00fas","family":"Barrio-Barrio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Opthalmology, Cl\u00ednica Universidad de Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain"},{"name":"Retinal Pathologies and New Therapies Group, Experimental Ophthalmology Laboratory, Department of Ophthalmology, Universidad de Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain"},{"name":"Navarra Institute for Health Research, IdiSNA, 31008 Pamplona, Spain"},{"name":"Red Tem\u00e1tica de Investigaci\u00f3n Cooperativa en Salud (RD16\/0008\/0011), Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovaci\u00f3n y Universidades, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alfredo","family":"Garc\u00eda-Layana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Opthalmology, Cl\u00ednica Universidad de Navarra, 31008 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31008 Pamplona, Spain"},{"name":"Red Tem\u00e1tica de Investigaci\u00f3n Cooperativa en Salud (RD16\/0008\/0011), Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovaci\u00f3n y Universidades, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1036","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2016.01.006","article-title":"Global Prevalence of Myopia and High Myopia and Temporal Trends from 2000 through 2050","volume":"123","author":"Holden","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1489","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2015.03.018","article-title":"Increasing Prevalence of Myopia in Europe and the Impact of Education","volume":"122","author":"Williams","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2015, January 16\u201318). 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