{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T19:35:11Z","timestamp":1790710511375,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,27]],"date-time":"2022-07-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1658880000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Medical University of Gda\u0144sk","award":["ST 02-050022\/0000778"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ST 02-050022\/0000778"]}]},{"name":"Medical University of Gda\u0144sk","award":["ST 02-0549\/07\/455"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ST 02-0549\/07\/455"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The improvement in the lifespan of individuals with Down syndrome (DS) has created interest in the context of the development of age-related diseases. Among them is atherosclerosis-based cardiovascular disease (CVD), which seems to be an especially urgent and important issue. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the lipid markers that may clarify cardiovascular risk profiles in individuals with DS. To this end, we analyzed lipid profile parameters, including lipoprotein(a) (Lp(a)) levels, protein composition, and the antioxidative properties of high-density lipoprotein (HDL), in 47 adolescents with DS and 47 individuals without DS. Compared with the control group (C), subjects with DS had significantly increased concentrations of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (105 \u00b1 31 vs. 90 \u00b1 24 mg\/dL, p = 0.014), non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (120 \u00b1 32 vs. 103 \u00b1 26 mg\/dL, p = 0.006), and triglycerides (72 [55\u201397] vs. 60 [50\u201377] mg\/dL, p = 0.048). We found that patients with DS were characterized by significantly higher Lp(a) levels (31.9 [21.5\u201354.3] vs. 5.2 (2.4\u201316.1) mg\/dL, p &lt; 0.001). In fact, 57% of individuals with DS had Lp(a) levels above 30 mg\/dL, which was approximately four times higher than those in the control group (DS 57% vs. C 15%). Apart from decreased high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels in the subjects with DS (53 \u00b1 11 vs. 63 \u00b1 12 mg\/dL, p &lt; 0.001), differences in parameters showing the quality of HDL particles were observed. The concentrations of the main proteins characterizing the HDL fraction, apolipoprotein A-I and apolipoprotein A-II, were significantly lower in the DS group (144 \u00b1 21 vs. 181 \u00b1 33 mg\/dL, p &lt; 0.001; 33 \u00b1 6 vs. 39 \u00b1 6 mg\/dL, p &lt; 0.001, respectively). No significant differences between the groups were observed for the concentration of paraoxonase-1 (DS 779 \u00b1 171 vs. C 657 \u00b1 340 ng\/mL, p = 0.063), enzyme activities toward paraoxon (DS 219 [129\u2013286] vs. C 168 [114\u2013272] IU\/L, p = 0.949), or phenyl acetate (DS 101 \u00b1 20 vs. C 93 \u00b1 21 kIU\/L, p = 0.068). There were no differences in myeloperoxidase activity between the study groups (DS 327 [300\u2013534] vs. C 426 [358\u2013533] ng\/mL, p = 0.272). Our results are the first to demonstrate an unfavorable lipid profile combined with higher Lp(a) levels and quality changes in HDL particles in individuals with DS. This sheds new light on cardiovascular risk and traditional healthcare planning for adolescents with DS.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11154356","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,28]],"date-time":"2022-07-28T03:21:16Z","timestamp":1658978476000},"page":"4356","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Lipid Profile, Lp(a) Levels, and HDL Quality in Adolescents with Down Syndrome"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4413-0128","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aleksandra","family":"Krzesi\u0144ska","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Chemistry, Medical University of Gda\u0144sk, 80-211 Gda\u0144sk, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"K\u0142osowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatrics, Haemathology and Oncology, Medical University of Gda\u0144sk, 80-211 Gda\u0144sk, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8238-1836","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kornelia","family":"Sa\u0142aga-Zaleska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Chemistry, Medical University of Gda\u0144sk, 80-211 Gda\u0144sk, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1426-3744","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Agnieszka","family":"\u0106wikli\u0144ska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Chemistry, Medical University of Gda\u0144sk, 80-211 Gda\u0144sk, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1707-3807","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Agnieszka","family":"Mickiewicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1st Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Gda\u0144sk, 80-211 Gda\u0144sk, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5032-1043","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gabriela","family":"Chy\u0142a","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Chemistry, Medical University of Gda\u0144sk, 80-211 Gda\u0144sk, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0290-1243","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jolanta","family":"Wierzba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal and Pediatric Nursing, Institute of Nursing and Midwifery, Medical University of Gda\u0144sk, 80-211 Gda\u0144sk, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4540-6955","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maciej","family":"Jankowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Chemistry, Medical University of Gda\u0144sk, 80-211 Gda\u0144sk, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2264-1442","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Agnieszka","family":"Kuchta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Chemistry, Medical University of Gda\u0144sk, 80-211 Gda\u0144sk, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejmg.2016.06.005","article-title":"Lipid Profiles in a Large Cohort of Italian Children with Down Syndrome","volume":"59","author":"Buonuomo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. 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