{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,18]],"date-time":"2026-04-18T10:05:44Z","timestamp":1776506744454,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,31]],"date-time":"2022-07-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1659225600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Dongguan Science and Technology of Social Development Program","award":["20211800905182"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20211800905182"]}]},{"name":"Dongguan Science and Technology of Social Development Program","award":["2020B1515120055"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020B1515120055"]}]},{"name":"Key Project of Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Fund (Dongguan Joint Fund)","award":["20211800905182"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20211800905182"]}]},{"name":"Key Project of Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Fund (Dongguan Joint Fund)","award":["2020B1515120055"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020B1515120055"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Empathy has not been well studied in patients following ischemic stroke. We aimed to evaluate the relationships of multimodal neuroimaging parameters with the impairment of empathy in patients who had experienced subacute ischemic stroke. Patients who had experienced a first-event acute ischemic stroke were recruited, and we assessed their empathy using the Chinese version of the Empathy Quotient (EQ) 3 months after the index stroke. Multimodal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was conducted in all the participants to identify acute infarction and assess brain volumes, white matter integrity, and other preexisting abnormalities. We quantified the brain volumes of various subcortical structures, the ventricles, and cortical lobar atrophy. The microstructural integrity of the white matter was reflected in the mean fractional anisotropy (FA) and mean diffusivity (MD), and the regional mean values of FA and MD were quantified after mapping using the ICBM_DTI_81 Atlas. Twenty-three (56.1%) men and 18 (43.9%) women (mean age: 61.73 years, range: 41\u201377 years) were included. The median National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) score at discharge was 1 (range: 0\u20134). On univariate analysis, the EQ was correlated with right cortical infarction (r = \u22120.39, p = 0.012), putamen volume (r = 0.382, p = 0.014), right putamen volume (r = 0.338, p = 0.031), and the FA value of the right sagittal stratum. EQ did not correlated with the MD value in any region of interest or pre-existing brain abnormalities. Multiple stepwise linear regression models were used to identify factors associated with EQ. After adjusting for age and the NIHSS score on admission, the frequency of right cortical infarcts negatively correlated with EQ (standardized \u03b2 = \u22120.358, 95% confidence interval =\u22120.708 to \u22120.076, p = 0.016), and the putamen volume positively correlated with EQ (standardized \u03b2 = 0.328, 95% confidence interval =0.044 to 0.676, p = 0.027). In conclusion, in patients who have experienced subacute ischemic stroke, right cortical infarction and a smaller putamen volume are associated with the impairment of empathy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11154479","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,1]],"date-time":"2022-08-01T02:06:42Z","timestamp":1659319602000},"page":"4479","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Right Cortical Infarction and a Reduction in Putamen Volume May Be Correlated with Empathy in Patients after Subacute Ischemic Stroke\u2014A Multimodal Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Jian-Feng","family":"Qu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Dongguan People\u2019s Hospital (Affiliated Dongguan Hospital, Southern Medical University), Dongguan 523108, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yue-Qiong","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Dongguan People\u2019s Hospital (Affiliated Dongguan Hospital, Southern Medical University), Dongguan 523108, China"},{"name":"Faculty of Neurology, Graduate School of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang 524013, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jian-Fei","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Dongguan People\u2019s Hospital (Affiliated Dongguan Hospital, Southern Medical University), Dongguan 523108, China"},{"name":"Faculty of Neurology, Graduate School of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510505, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hui-Hong","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Dongguan People\u2019s Hospital (Affiliated Dongguan Hospital, Southern Medical University), Dongguan 523108, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wei-Yang","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Dongguan People\u2019s Hospital (Affiliated Dongguan Hospital, Southern Medical University), Dongguan 523108, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhi-Hao","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Dongguan People\u2019s Hospital (Affiliated Dongguan Hospital, Southern Medical University), Dongguan 523108, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lin","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Imaging and Interventional Radiology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yi-Shan","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BrainNow Research Institute, Shenzhen 518000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5125-974X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lei","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BrainNow Research Institute, Shenzhen 518000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yang-Kun","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Dongguan People\u2019s Hospital (Affiliated Dongguan Hospital, Southern Medical University), Dongguan 523108, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2006.01.002","article-title":"Social cognition: A multi level analysis","volume":"1079","author":"Beer","year":"2006","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneurol.2015.229","article-title":"Clinical assessment of social cognitive function in neurological disorders","volume":"12","author":"Henry","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2019.03.011","article-title":"A meta-analytic review of social cognitive function following stroke","volume":"102","author":"Adams","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2539","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awt177","article-title":"Acute lesions that impair affective empathy","volume":"136","author":"Leigh","year":"2013","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1113","DOI":"10.1080\/13803390490515531","article-title":"Impairment in cognitive and affective empathy in patients with brain lesions: Anatomical and cognitive correlates","volume":"26","author":"Tomer","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Clin. Exp. Neuropsychol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1159\/000353440","article-title":"Review of emotion recognition in stroke patients","volume":"36","author":"Yuvaraj","year":"2013","journal-title":"Dement. Geriatr. Cogn. Disord."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1093\/scan\/nsr034","article-title":"Empathic neural responses to others\u2019 pain depend on monetary reward","volume":"7","author":"Guo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Soc. Cogn. Affect Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"612","DOI":"10.1111\/pcn.12173","article-title":"Impairment on theory of mind and empathy in patients with stroke","volume":"68","author":"Yeh","year":"2014","journal-title":"Psychiatry Clin. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1300","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2019.01.023","article-title":"Social Cognition Impairments in the Long Term Post Stroke","volume":"100","author":"Nijsse","year":"2019","journal-title":"Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1013","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000008870","article-title":"Right hemisphere ventral stream for emotional prosody identification: Evidence from acute stroke","volume":"94","author":"Sheppard","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"903","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2010.10.009","article-title":"Is there a core neural network in empathy? An fMRI based quantitative meta-analysis","volume":"35","author":"Fan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.24.1.35","article-title":"Classification of subtype of acute ischemic stroke. Definitions for use in a multicenter clinical trial. TOAST. Trial of Org 10172 in Acute Stroke Treatment","volume":"24","author":"Adams","year":"1993","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1080\/00223891.2017.1324458","article-title":"Validation of the Empathy Quotient in Mainland China","volume":"100","author":"Zhao","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Pers. Assess."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1023\/B:JADD.0000022607.19833.00","article-title":"The empathy quotient: An investigation of adults with Asperger syndrome or high functioning autism, and normal sex differences","volume":"34","author":"Wheelwright","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Autism. Dev. Disord."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1362","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.30.7.1362","article-title":"Development of a stroke-specific quality of life scale","volume":"30","author":"Williams","year":"1999","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"Zhang, M.Y. (1998). Depression and anxiety. The Rating Scale for Psychiatry, Hunan Science and Technology Press. [1st ed.]."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.2005.53221.x","article-title":"The Montreal Cognitive Assessment, MoCA: A brief screening tool for mild cognitive impairment","volume":"53","author":"Nasreddine","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Am. Geriatr. Soc."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2641","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2018.05.034","article-title":"Delirium in the Acute Phase of Ischemic Stroke: Incidence, Risk Factors, and Effects on Functional Outcome","volume":"27","author":"Qu","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Stroke Cerebrovasc. Dis."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.1177\/0284185118795327","article-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative. Standardization of hippocampus volumetry using automated brain structure volumetry tool for an initial Alzheimer\u2019s disease imaging biomarker","volume":"60","author":"Abrigo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Acta Radiol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"570","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2007.12.035","article-title":"Stereotaxic white matter atlas based on diffusion tensor imaging in an ICBM template","volume":"40","author":"Mori","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2983","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.118.023196","article-title":"Severe Lesions Involving Cortical Cholinergic Pathways Predict Poorer Functional Outcome in Acute Ischemic Stroke","volume":"49","author":"Qu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2005.07.022","article-title":"Neuronal correlates of theory of mind and empathy: A functional magnetic resonance imaging study in a nonverbal task","volume":"29","author":"Taylor","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/0168-0102(91)90097-I","article-title":"The neuronal mechanism underlying parkinsonism and dyskinesia: Differential roles of the putamen and caudate nucleus","volume":"12","author":"Yoshida","year":"1991","journal-title":"Neurosci. Res."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2249","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/121.12.2249","article-title":"Trajectories of cholinergic pathways within the cerebral hemispheres of the human brain","volume":"121","author":"Selden","year":"1998","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2076","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhr287","article-title":"Bilingualism tunes the anterior cingulate cortex for conflict monitoring","volume":"22","author":"Abutalebi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cereb. Cortex."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.24768","article-title":"Projections to the putamen from neurons located in the white matter and the claustrum in the macaque","volume":"528","author":"Borra","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Comp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1879","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.25336","article-title":"Putamen volume predicts real-time fMRI neurofeedback learning success across paradigms and neurofeedback target regions","volume":"42","author":"Zhao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Hum. Brain Mapp."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3991","DOI":"10.1007\/s00429-017-1450-y","article-title":"The role of the putamen in language: A meta-analytic connectivity modeling study","volume":"222","author":"Wu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Brain Struct. Funct."}],"container-title":["Journal of Clinical Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/11\/15\/4479\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T00:00:32Z","timestamp":1760140832000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/11\/15\/4479"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,31]]},"references-count":28,"journal-issue":{"issue":"15","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8]]}},"alternative-id":["jcm11154479"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm11154479","relation":{},"ISSN":["2077-0383"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2077-0383","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,31]]}}}