{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T21:17:38Z","timestamp":1787865458734,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,8]],"date-time":"2022-08-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1659916800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Bleeding irregularities are one of the major reasons for discontinuation of oral contraceptives (OCs), and therefore clinicians need to set expectations during consultations. In this review we provide an overview of bleeding data of recently marketed cyclic combined OCs (COCs) and one progestin-only pill (POP). We evaluated data from phase 3 trials (\u226512 months) used to gain regulatory approval. Overall, each type of OC has its own specific bleeding pattern. These patterns however were assessed by using different bleeding definitions, which hampers comparisons between products. In COCs, the estrogen balances the effects of the progestin on the endometrium, resulting in a regular bleeding pattern. However, this balance seems lost if a too low dose of ethinylestradiol (EE) (e.g., 10 \u00b5g in EE\/norethindrone acetate 1 mg) is used in an attempt to lower the risk of venous thromboembolism. Replacement of EE by 17\u03b2-estradiol (E2) or E2 valerate could lead to suboptimal bleeding profile due to destabilization of the endometrium. Replacement of EE with estetrol (E4) 15 mg in the combination with drospirenone (DRSP) 3 mg is associated with a predictable and regular scheduled bleeding profile, while the POP containing DRSP 4 mg in a 24\/4 regimen is associated with a higher rate of unscheduled and absence of scheduled bleeding than combined products.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11154634","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,8]],"date-time":"2022-08-08T22:33:11Z","timestamp":1659997991000},"page":"4634","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["Bleeding Patterns of Oral Contraceptives with a Cyclic Dosing Regimen: An Overview"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"David F.","family":"Archer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Clinical Research Center, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA 23507, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Diana","family":"Mansour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sexual Health, New Croft Centre, Newcastle Hospitals, Community Health, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 6ND, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8285-3573","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jean-Michel","family":"Foidart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Estetra SRL, Mithra Pharmaceuticals, 4000 Li\u00e8ge, Belgium"},{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Li\u00e8ge, 4000 Li\u00e8ge, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"2073","article-title":"Abnormal uterine bleeding associated with hormonal contraception","volume":"65","author":"Schrager","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am. 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