{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,9]],"date-time":"2026-06-09T13:48:40Z","timestamp":1781012920400,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,9]],"date-time":"2022-08-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1660003200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Vasospasm after the rupture of an intracranial aneurysm is a frequent phenomenon and is the main cause of morbidity and mortality in patients who have survived intracranial hemorrhage and aneurysm treatment. We analyzed the diagnosis and management of patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage who eventually died from ischemic brain damage due to vasospasm. Methods: Between January 2007 and December 2021 (15 years), a total of 1064 patients were diagnosed with an aneurysmal intracranial hemorrhage in a single comprehensive neurovascular center. Vasospasm was diagnosed in 408 patients (38.4%). A total of 187 patients (17.6%) died within 90 days of the aneurysm rupture. In 64 of these 187 patients (33.7%), vasospasm was considered to be the cause of death. In a retrospective analysis, demographic and clinical data for patients without, with non-fatal, and with fatal vasospasm were compared. The patients with fatal vasospasm were categorized into the following subgroups: \u201cno diagnosis and treatment\u201d (Group a), \u201cdelayed diagnosis\u201d (Group b), \u201ccardiovascular complications\u201d (Group c), and \u201cvasospasm-treatment complications\u201d (Group d). Results: Among the patients with fatal vasospasm, 31 (48.4%) were assigned to group a, 26 (40.6%) to group b, seven (10.9%) to group c, and none (0%) to group d. Conclusion: The early recognition of severe posthemorrhagic vasospasm is a prerequisite for any treatment and requires routine diagnostic imaging in all unconscious patients. Aggressive endovascular vasospasm treatment may fail to prevent death but is infrequently the cause of a fatal outcome.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11164642","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,10]],"date-time":"2022-08-10T02:42:53Z","timestamp":1660099373000},"page":"4642","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Vasospasm-Related Death after Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage: A Retrospective Case\u2013Control Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Ali","family":"Khanafer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuroradiological Clinic, Klinikum Stuttgart, D-70174 Stuttgart, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pervinder","family":"Bhogal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Interventional Neuroradiology Department, The Royal London Hospital, Barts NHS Trust, London E1 1FR, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Victoria","family":"Hellstern","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuroradiological Clinic, Klinikum Stuttgart, D-70174 Stuttgart, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christoph","family":"Harmening","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic for Anesthesiology and Surgical Intensive Care Medicine, Klinikum Stuttgart, D-70174 Stuttgart, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8944-8239","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hansj\u00f6rg","family":"B\u00e4zner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurological Clinic, Klinikum Stuttgart, D-70174 Stuttgart, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Oliver","family":"Ganslandt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurosurgical Clinic, Klinikum Stuttgart, D-70174 Stuttgart, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6534-036X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hans","family":"Henkes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuroradiological Clinic, Klinikum Stuttgart, D-70174 Stuttgart, Germany"},{"name":"Medical Faculty, University Duisburg-Essen, D-47057 Essen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.27.4.625","article-title":"Incidence of subarachnoid hemorrhage: Role of region, year, and rate of computed tomography: A meta-analysis","volume":"27","author":"Linn","year":"1996","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1012","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-002-1382-7","article-title":"Pulmonary and cardiac sequelae of subarachnoid haemorrhage: Time for active management?","volume":"28","author":"Macmillan","year":"2002","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.3171\/2011.8.JNS101767","article-title":"The Barrow Ruptured Aneurysm Trial","volume":"116","author":"McDougall","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. 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