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However, it is still unclear how the commission of these offenses influences treatment outcomes. In this longitudinal study we sought: (1) to explore sociodemographic and clinical differences (e.g., psychiatric comorbidities) between individuals with GD who had committed gambling-related illegal acts (differentiating into those who had had legal consequences (n = 31) and those who had not (n = 55)), and patients with GD who had not committed crimes (n = 85); and (2) to compare the treatment outcome of these three groups, considering dropouts and relapses. Several sociodemographic and clinical variables were assessed, including the presence of substance use, and comorbid mental disorders. Patients received 16 sessions of cognitive-behavioral therapy. Patients who reported an absence of gambling-related illegal behavior were older, and showed the lowest GD severity, the most functional psychopathological state, the lowest impulsivity levels, and a more adaptive personality profile. Patients who had committed offenses with legal consequences presented the highest risk of dropout and relapses, higher number of psychological symptoms, higher likelihood of any other mental disorders, and greater prevalence of tobacco and illegal drugs use. Our findings uphold that patients who have committed gambling-related offenses show a more complex clinical profile that may interfere with their adherence to treatment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11164669","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,10]],"date-time":"2022-08-10T09:42:56Z","timestamp":1660124576000},"page":"4669","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Exploring the Association between Gambling-Related Offenses, Substance Use, Psychiatric Comorbidities, and Treatment Outcome"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Cristina","family":"Vintr\u00f3-Alcaraz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Bellvitge University Hospital-Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), 08907 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica en Red Fisiopatolog\u00eda Obesidad y Nutrici\u00f3n (CIBERObn), Instituto de 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Spain"},{"name":"Departament de Psicobiologia i Metodologia de les Ci\u00e8ncies de la Salut, Universitat Aut\u00f2noma de Barcelona, 08193 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elena","family":"Caravaca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Bellvitge University Hospital-Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), 08907 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"M\u00f3nica","family":"G\u00f3mez-Pe\u00f1a","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Bellvitge University Hospital-Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), 08907 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Psychoneurobiology of Eating and Addictive Behaviors Group, Neurosciences Programme, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), 08908 Barcelona, 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Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Susana","family":"Valero-Sol\u00eds","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Bellvitge University Hospital-Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), 08907 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Psychoneurobiology of Eating and Addictive Behaviors Group, Neurosciences Programme, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), 08908 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9552-2922","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Milagros","family":"Lara-Huallipe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Bellvitge University Hospital-Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), 08907 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Psychoneurobiology of Eating and Addictive Behaviors Group, Neurosciences Programme, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), 08908 Barcelona, 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