{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T23:06:57Z","timestamp":1790636817469,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":83,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,19]],"date-time":"2022-08-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1660867200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Atherosclerosis is a multifactorial, lipoprotein-driven condition that leads to plaque formation within the arterial tree, leading to subsequent arterial stenosis and thrombosis that accounts for a large burden of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality globally. Atherosclerosis of the lower extremities is called peripheral artery disease and is a major cause of loss in mobility, amputation, and critical limb ischemia. Peripheral artery disease is a common condition with a gamut of clinical manifestations that affects an estimated 10 million people in the United States of America and 200 million people worldwide. The role of apolipoprotein B-containing lipoproteins, such as LDL and remnant lipoproteins in the development and progression of atherosclerosis, is well-established. The focus of this paper is to review existing data on lipid-lowering therapies in lower extremity atherosclerotic peripheral artery disease.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11164872","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,21]],"date-time":"2022-08-21T23:51:01Z","timestamp":1661125861000},"page":"4872","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Role of Lipid-Lowering Therapy in Peripheral Artery Disease"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2874-1201","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Agastya D.","family":"Belur","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cardiology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aangi J.","family":"Shah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Salim S.","family":"Virani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Cardiovascular Research, Baylor College of Medicine and Section of Cardiology, Michael E. DeBakey Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mounica","family":"Vorla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cardiology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5254-4067","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dinesh K.","family":"Kalra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cardiology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1340","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.115.306841","article-title":"Global Burden of Thrombosis: Epidemiologic Aspects","volume":"118","author":"Wendelboe","year":"2016","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e176","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.119.312578","article-title":"Myocardial Infarction-From Atherosclerosis to Thrombosis","volume":"39","author":"Palasubramaniam","year":"2019","journal-title":"Arter. Thromb. Vasc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2488","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.91.9.2488","article-title":"Atherosclerosis: Basic Mechanisms. Oxidation, Inflammation, and Genetics","volume":"91","author":"Berliner","year":"1995","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11294","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms160511294","article-title":"A Review of the Pathophysiology and Potential Biomarkers for Peripheral Artery Disease","volume":"16","author":"Krishna","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2068","DOI":"10.1161\/01.ATV.0000282199.66398.8c","article-title":"Genetic Susceptibility to Peripheral Arterial Disease: A Dark Corner in Vascular Biology","volume":"27","author":"Knowles","year":"2007","journal-title":"Arter. Thromb. Vasc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"e726","article-title":"2016 AHA\/ACC Guideline on the Management of Patients with Lower Extremity Peripheral Artery Disease: A Report of the American College of Cardiology\/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines","volume":"135","author":"Gornik","year":"2017","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2021.09.022","article-title":"Lipid-Lowering and Anti-Thrombotic Therapy in Patients with Peripheral Arterial Disease: European Atherosclerosis Society\/European Society of Vascular Medicine Joint Statement","volume":"338","author":"Belch","year":"2021","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1177\/2047487313516564","article-title":"Development and Validation of an Ankle Brachial Index Risk Model for the Prediction of Cardiovascular Events","volume":"21","author":"Fowkes","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur. J. Prev. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1509","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.116.303849","article-title":"Epidemiology of Peripheral Artery Disease","volume":"116","author":"Criqui","year":"2015","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1248\/bpb.b15-00716","article-title":"Metabolism and Modification of Apolipoprotein B-Containing Lipoproteins Involved in Dyslipidemia and Atherosclerosis","volume":"39","author":"Morita","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biol. Pharm. Bull."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1007\/s11883-017-0692-8","article-title":"Emerging Associations Between Neutrophils, Atherosclerosis, and Psoriasis","volume":"19","author":"Sanda","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. Atheroscler. Rep."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2330","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.118.035432","article-title":"Lipoprotein Particle Profiles, Standard Lipids, and Peripheral Artery Disease Incidence","volume":"138","author":"Aday","year":"2018","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bergiers, S., Vaes, B., and Degryse, J. (2011). To Screen or Not to Screen for Peripheral Arterial Disease in Subjects Aged 80 and over in Primary Health Care: A Cross-Sectional Analysis from the BELFRAIL Study. BMC Fam. Pract., 12.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2296-12-39"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27S","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvs.2009.08.085","article-title":"A Systematic Review of the Limitations and Approaches to Improve Detection and Management of Peripheral Arterial Disease in Hispanics","volume":"51","author":"Rosero","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Vasc. Surg."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Writing Group Members, Mozaffarian, D., Benjamin, E.J., Go, A.S., Arnett, D.K., Blaha, M.J., Cushman, M., Das, S.R., de Ferranti, S., and Despr\u00e9s, J.-P. (2016). Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics-2016 Update: A Report From the American Heart Association. Circulation, 133, e38\u2013e360.","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0000000000000350"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvs.2015.08.114","article-title":"Sex and Ethnic Differences in the Associations between Lipoprotein(a) and Peripheral Arterial Disease in the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis","volume":"63","author":"Forbang","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Vasc. Surg."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1329","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)61249-0","article-title":"Comparison of Global Estimates of Prevalence and Risk Factors for Peripheral Artery Disease in 2000 and 2010: A Systematic Review and Analysis","volume":"382","author":"Fowkes","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1177\/1358863X12445102","article-title":"An Evidence-Based Score to Detect Prevalent Peripheral Artery Disease (PAD)","volume":"17","author":"Duval","year":"2012","journal-title":"Vasc. Med."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92S","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvs.2010.06.014","article-title":"Current Assessment of Endovascular Therapy for Infrainguinal Arterial Occlusive Disease in Patients with Diabetes","volume":"52","author":"Ihnat","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Vasc. Surg."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"696","DOI":"10.1160\/TH09-10-0688","article-title":"Stem Cell and Progenitor Cell Therapy in Peripheral Artery Disease. A Critical Appraisal","volume":"103","author":"Lawall","year":"2010","journal-title":"Thromb. Haemost."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.14797\/mdcj-8-4-20","article-title":"Critical Limb Ischemia: Cell and Molecular Therapies for Limb Salvage","volume":"8","author":"Davies","year":"2012","journal-title":"Methodist DeBakey Cardiovasc. J."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1160","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvs.2007.07.046","article-title":"The Relative Importance of Graft Surveillance and Warfarin Therapy in Infrainguinal Prosthetic Bypass Failure","volume":"46","author":"Brumberg","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Vasc. Surg."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1925","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(05)67704-5","article-title":"Bypass versus Angioplasty in Severe Ischaemia of the Leg (BASIL): Multicentre, Randomised Controlled Trial","volume":"366","author":"Adam","year":"2005","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tcm.2019.07.002","article-title":"Use of Statins in Patients with Peripheral Artery Disease","volume":"30","author":"Corrado","year":"2020","journal-title":"Trends Cardiovasc. Med."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arcmed.2006.12.012","article-title":"Statins and Peripheral Arterial Disease: Effects on Claudication, Disease Progression, and Prevention of Cardiovascular Events","volume":"38","author":"Coppola","year":"2007","journal-title":"Arch. Med. Res."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vph.2014.09.001","article-title":"Statin Therapy in Lower Limb Peripheral Arterial Disease: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"63","author":"Antoniou","year":"2014","journal-title":"Vascul. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9149(97)00904-1","article-title":"Effect of Simvastatin on Ischemic Signs and Symptoms in the Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study (4S)","volume":"81","author":"Pedersen","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Heart Protection Study Collaborative Group (2007). Randomized Trial of the Effects of Cholesterol-Lowering with Simvastatin on Peripheral Vascular and Other Major Vascular Outcomes in 20,536 People with Peripheral Arterial Disease and Other High-Risk Conditions. J. Vasc. Surg., 45, 645\u2013654.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvs.2006.12.054"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2864","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehu080","article-title":"Statin Therapy and Long-Term Adverse Limb Outcomes in Patients with Peripheral Artery Disease: Insights from the REACH Registry","volume":"35","author":"Kumbhani","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1534","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvs.2017.05.115","article-title":"Association between Statin Therapy and Amputation-Free Survival in Patients with Critical Limb Ischemia in the CRITISCH Registry","volume":"66","author":"Stavroulakis","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Vasc. Surg."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e006399","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCOUTCOMES.119.006399","article-title":"Incidence and Factors Associated with Major Amputation in Patients with Peripheral Artery Disease: Insights from the EUCLID Trial","volume":"13","author":"Long","year":"2020","journal-title":"Circ. Cardiovasc. Qual. Outcomes"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1435","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.117.032361","article-title":"Association of Statin Dose with Amputation and Survival in Patients with Peripheral Artery Disease","volume":"137","author":"Arya","year":"2018","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2373","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2016-3717","article-title":"Statin Therapy Reduces Future Risk of Lower-Limb Amputation in Patients with Diabetes and Peripheral Artery Disease","volume":"102","author":"Hsu","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"CD000123","article-title":"Lipid-Lowering for Peripheral Arterial Disease of the Lower Limb","volume":"4","author":"Aung","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"875","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9149(94)90579-7","article-title":"The Effect of Probucol on Femoral Atherosclerosis: The Probucol Quantitative Regression Swedish Trial (PQRST)","volume":"74","author":"Walldius","year":"1994","journal-title":"Am. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"866","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0040-1709711","article-title":"Statins and Major Adverse Limb Events in Patients with Peripheral Artery Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"120","author":"Pastori","year":"2020","journal-title":"Thromb. Haemost."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1177\/1358863X19894055","article-title":"Statin Therapy for Reduction of Cardiovascular and Limb-Related Events in Critical Limb Ischemia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"25","author":"Kokkinidis","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vasc. Med."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9343(03)00010-X","article-title":"Effects of Simvastatin on Walking Performance and Symptoms of Intermittent Claudication in Hypercholesterolemic Patients with Peripheral Vascular Disease","volume":"114","author":"Mondillo","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_39","unstructured":"Jones, W.S., Schmit, K.M., Vemulapalli, S., Subherwal, S., Patel, M.R., Hasselblad, V., Heidenfelder, B.L., Chobot, M.M., Posey, R., and Wing, L. (2013). Treatment Strategies for Patients with Peripheral Artery Disease [Internet], Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. Report No.: 13-EHC090-EF."},{"key":"ref_40","first-page":"31","article-title":"Lipid-lowering therapy in patients with peripheral artery disease","volume":"13","author":"Crismaru","year":"2015","journal-title":"E-J. ESC Counc. Cardiol. Pract."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejvs.2009.06.002","article-title":"Drug therapy for improving walking distance in intermittent claudication: A systematic review and meta-analysis of robust randomised controlled studies","volume":"38","author":"Momsen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur. J. Vasc. Endovasc. Surg."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1385\/COMP:32:2:68","article-title":"Lipid-lowering therapy in high-risk persons","volume":"32","author":"Aronow","year":"2006","journal-title":"Compr. Ther."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1881","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvs.2016.08.094","article-title":"Statin use in patients with peripheral arterial disease","volume":"64","author":"Harris","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Vasc. Surg."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1266","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2021.2536","article-title":"Effect of Low-Intensity vs. High-Intensity Home-Based Walking Exercise on Walk Distance in Patients with Peripheral Artery Disease: The LITE Randomized Clinical Trial","volume":"325","author":"McDermott","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"777016","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2021.777016","article-title":"Statins and Peripheral Arterial Disease: A Narrative Review","volume":"8","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Cardiovasc. Med."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.3109\/07853890.2014.932618","article-title":"Systematic reviews and meta-analyses for more profitable strategies in peripheral artery disease","volume":"46","author":"Spadarella","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ann. Med."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1024\/0301-1526\/a000969","article-title":"Lipid-lowering and anti-thrombotic therapy in patients with peripheral arterial disease","volume":"50","author":"Belch","year":"2021","journal-title":"Vasa"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e000897","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjsem-2020-000897","article-title":"Exercise training for intermittent claudication: A narrative review and summary of guidelines for practitioners","volume":"6","author":"Harwood","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMJ Open Sport Exerc. Med."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cholesterol Treatment Trialists\u2019 (CTT) Collaborators, Mihaylova, B., Emberson, J., Blackwell, L., Keech, A., Simes, J., Barnes, E.H., Voysey, M., Gray, A., and Collins, R. (2012). The Effects of Lowering LDL Cholesterol with Statin Therapy in People at Low Risk of Vascular Disease: Meta-Analysis of Individual Data from 27 Randomised Trials. Lancet, 380, 581\u2013590.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)60367-5"},{"key":"ref_50","first-page":"e1082","article-title":"2018 AHA\/ACC\/AACVPR\/AAPA\/ABC\/ACPM\/ADA\/AGS\/AphA\/ASPC\/NLA\/PCNA Guideline on the Management of Blood Cholesterol: A Report of the American College of Cardiology\/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines","volume":"139","author":"Grundy","year":"2019","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2136014","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2021.36014","article-title":"Prescribing of Statins After Lower Extremity Revascularization Procedures in the US","volume":"4","author":"Singh","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA Netw. Open"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvs.2005.05.001","article-title":"Risk Factors, Medical Therapies and Perioperative Events in Limb Salvage Surgery: Observations from the PREVENT III Multicenter Trial","volume":"42","author":"Conte","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Vasc. Surg."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3016","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2021.04.060","article-title":"Effectiveness of Blood Lipid Management in Patients with Peripheral Artery Disease","volume":"77","author":"Hess","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2020.05.048","article-title":"Atherosclerotic Risk and Statin Use Among Patients with Peripheral Artery Disease","volume":"76","author":"Colantonio","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2015.10.021","article-title":"A Phase 3 Study of Evolocumab (AMG 145) in Statin-Treated Japanese Patients at High Cardiovascular Risk","volume":"117","author":"Kiyosue","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-511X-7-22","article-title":"Plasma PCSK9 Levels Are Significantly Modified by Statins and Fibrates in Humans","volume":"7","author":"Mayne","year":"2008","journal-title":"Lipids Health Dis."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2015.11.015","article-title":"Rationale and Design of the Further Cardiovascular Outcomes Research with PCSK9 Inhibition in Subjects with Elevated Risk Trial","volume":"173","author":"Sabatine","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4821","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehab604","article-title":"Effect of Evolocumab on Acute Arterial Events across All Vascular Territories: Results from the FOURIER Trial","volume":"42","author":"Oyama","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.117.032235","article-title":"Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Lowering with Evolocumab and Outcomes in Patients with Peripheral Artery Disease: Insights from the FOURIER Trial (Further Cardiovascular Outcomes Research With PCSK9 Inhibition in Subjects With Elevated Risk)","volume":"137","author":"Bonaca","year":"2018","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1177\/1358863X20957091","article-title":"Lipid-Lowering Therapies in Peripheral Artery Disease: A Review","volume":"26","author":"Skeik","year":"2021","journal-title":"Vasc. Med."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2097","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1801174","article-title":"Alirocumab and Cardiovascular Outcomes after Acute Coronary Syndrome","volume":"379","author":"Schwartz","year":"2018","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1608","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.120.046524","article-title":"Peripheral Artery Disease and Venous Thromboembolic Events After Acute Coronary Syndrome: Role of Lipoprotein(a) and Modification by Alirocumab: Prespecified Analysis of the ODYSSEY OUTCOMES Randomized Clinical Trial","volume":"141","author":"Schwartz","year":"2020","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1812792","article-title":"Cardiovascular Risk Reduction with Icosapent Ethyl for Hypertriglyceridemia","volume":"380","author":"Bhatt","year":"2019","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3925","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehaa652","article-title":"Effect of Icosapent Ethyl on Progression of Coronary Atherosclerosis in Patients with Elevated Triglycerides on Statin Therapy: Final Results of the EVAPORATE Trial","volume":"41","author":"Budoff","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"960","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2021.06.011","article-title":"2021 ACC Expert Consensus Decision Pathway on the Management of ASCVD Risk Reduction in Patients with Persistent Hypertriglyceridemia: A Report of the American College of Cardiology Solution Set Oversight Committee","volume":"78","author":"Virani","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1578","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvs.2013.06.069","article-title":"Statin Use and Lower Extremity Amputation Risk in Nonelderly Diabetic Patients","volume":"58","author":"Sohn","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Vasc. Surg."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2011.04.005","article-title":"The Effect of Ezetimibe on Peripheral Arterial Atherosclerosis Depends upon Statin Use at Baseline","volume":"218","author":"West","year":"2011","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1507","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1912387","article-title":"Two Phase 3 Trials of Inclisiran in Patients with Elevated LDL Cholesterol","volume":"382","author":"Ray","year":"2020","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1430","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1615758","article-title":"Inclisiran in Patients at High Cardiovascular Risk with Elevated LDL Cholesterol","volume":"376","author":"Ray","year":"2017","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1298","DOI":"10.1373\/clinchem.2007.088013","article-title":"Increased Serum Lipoprotein(a) Concentrations and Low Molecular Weight Phenotypes of Apolipoprotein(a) Are Associated with Symptomatic Peripheral Arterial Disease","volume":"53","author":"Dieplinger","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin. Chem."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3058","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.112.255521","article-title":"Lipoprotein(a) and Risk of Coronary, Cerebrovascular, and Peripheral Artery Disease: The EPIC-Norfolk Prospective Population Study","volume":"32","author":"Gurdasani","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arter. Thromb. Vasc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.1097\/MOL.0b013e3283402f53","article-title":"Severe Hypercholesterolaemia: Therapeutic Goals and Eligibility Criteria for LDL Apheresis in Europe","volume":"21","author":"Thompson","year":"2010","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Lipidol."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1002\/jca.20299","article-title":"Lipid Apheresis, Indications, and Principles","volume":"26","author":"Winters","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Clin. Apher."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosissup.2017.05.047","article-title":"Most Significant Reduction of Cardiovascular Events in Patients Undergoing Lipoproteinapheresis Due to Raised Lp(a) Levels\u2014A Multicenter Observational Study","volume":"30","author":"Schatz","year":"2017","journal-title":"Atheroscler Suppl."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2019","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.116.307983","article-title":"Lipoprotein Apheresis for Lipoprotein(a)-Associated Cardiovascular Disease: Prospective 5 Years of Follow-Up and Apolipoprotein(a) Characterization","volume":"36","author":"Roeseler","year":"2016","journal-title":"Arter. Thromb. Vasc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2567","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.113.002432","article-title":"Lipoprotein Apheresis in Patients with Maximally Tolerated Lipid-Lowering Therapy, Lipoprotein(a)-Hyperlipoproteinemia, and Progressive Cardiovascular Disease: Prospective Observational Multicenter Study","volume":"128","author":"Leebmann","year":"2013","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_77","first-page":"229","article-title":"Longitudinal Cohort Study on the Effectiveness of Lipid Apheresis Treatment to Reduce High Lipoprotein(a) Levels and Prevent Major Adverse Coronary Events","volume":"6","author":"Jaeger","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat. Clin. Pract. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1007\/s11789-019-00097-1","article-title":"Lipoprotein(a) Apheresis in Patients with Peripheral Arterial Disease: Rationale and Clinical Results","volume":"14","author":"Weiss","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Res. Cardiol. Suppl."},{"key":"ref_79","unstructured":"(2022, May 13). Novartis Pharmaceuticals Assessing the Impact of Lipoprotein (a) Lowering with Pelacarsen (TQJ230) on Major Cardiovascular Events in Patients with CVD (Lp(a)HORIZON): NCT04023552, Available online: https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/ct2\/show\/NCT04023552."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"III-15","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000131513.33892.5b","article-title":"New Risk Factors for Atherosclerosis and Patient Risk Assessment","volume":"109","author":"Fruchart","year":"2004","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1135","DOI":"10.1161\/hc0902.104353","article-title":"Inflammation and Atherosclerosis","volume":"105","author":"Libby","year":"2002","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1007\/s11883-004-0102-x","article-title":"Inflammation and Atherosclerosis","volume":"6","author":"Shishehbor","year":"2004","journal-title":"Curr. Atheroscler. Rep."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"524","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-03392-8","article-title":"The Changing Landscape of Atherosclerosis","volume":"592","author":"Libby","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nature"}],"container-title":["Journal of Clinical Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/11\/16\/4872\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T00:12:17Z","timestamp":1760141537000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/11\/16\/4872"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,19]]},"references-count":83,"journal-issue":{"issue":"16","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8]]}},"alternative-id":["jcm11164872"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm11164872","relation":{},"ISSN":["2077-0383"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2077-0383","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,19]]}}}