{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T09:51:35Z","timestamp":1790934695996,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":331,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,22]],"date-time":"2022-08-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1661126400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The notion of blood coagulation dates back to the ancient Greek civilization. However, the emergence of innovative scientific discoveries that started in the seventeenth century formulated the fundamentals of blood coagulation. Our understanding of key coagulation processes continues to evolve, as novel homeostatic and pathophysiological aspects of hemostasis are revealed. Hemostasis is a dynamic physiological process, which stops bleeding at the site of injury while maintaining normal blood flow within the body. Intrinsic and extrinsic coagulation pathways culminate in the homeostatic cessation of blood loss, through the sequential activation of the coagulation factors. Recently, the cell-based theory, which combines these two pathways, along with newly discovered mechanisms, emerged to holistically describe intricate in vivo coagulation mechanisms. The complexity of these mechanisms becomes evident in coagulation diseases such as hemophilia, Von Willebrand disease, thrombophilia, and vitamin K deficiency, in which excessive bleeding, thrombosis, or unnecessary clotting, drive the development and progression of diseases. Accumulating evidence implicates cell-derived and platelet-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs), which comprise microvesicles (MVs), exosomes, and apoptotic bodies, in the modulation of the coagulation cascade in hemostasis and thrombosis. As these EVs are associated with intercellular communication, molecular recycling, and metastatic niche creation, emerging evidence explores EVs as valuable diagnostic and therapeutic approaches in thrombotic and prothrombotic diseases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11164932","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,22]],"date-time":"2022-08-22T21:30:34Z","timestamp":1661203834000},"page":"4932","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":52,"title":["Pathophysiology of Coagulation and Emerging Roles for Extracellular Vesicles in Coagulation Cascades and Disorders"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9205-5564","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Houssam","family":"Al-Koussa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, The American University of Beirut, Beirut P.O. Box 11-0236, Lebanon"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ibrahim","family":"AlZaim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, The American University of Beirut, Beirut P.O. Box 11-0236, Lebanon"},{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, The American University of Beirut, Beirut P.O. Box 11-0236, Lebanon"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marwan E.","family":"El-Sabban","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The American University of Beirut, Beirut P.O. Box 11-0236, Lebanon"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1097\/01.SMJ.0000063572.45540.A7","article-title":"Hypercoagulability as a cause of stroke in adults.(Featured cme topic: Stroke)","volume":"96","author":"Kahn","year":"2003","journal-title":"South. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1177\/1043454206298693","article-title":"Theories of blood coagulation","volume":"24","author":"Riddel","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Oncol. Nurs."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1430","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.119.314936","article-title":"Marcello malpighi (1628\u20131694) the revolution in medicine","volume":"124","author":"Fughelli","year":"2019","journal-title":"Circ. 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