{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,2]],"date-time":"2025-11-02T06:37:50Z","timestamp":1762065470112,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,26]],"date-time":"2022-08-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1661472000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Lung ultrasound (LUS) has a relatively recent democratization due to the better availability and training of physicians, especially in intensive care units. LUS is a relatively cheap and easy-to-learn and -use bedside technique that evaluates pulmonary morphology when using simple algorithms. During the global COVID-19 pandemic, LUS was found to be an accurate tool to quickly diagnose, triage and monitor patients with COVID-19 pneumonia. This paper aims to provide a comprehensive review of LUS use during the COVID-19 pandemic. The first section of our work defines the technique, the practical approach and the semeiotic signs of LUS examination. The second section exposed the COVID-19 pattern in LUS examination and the difference between the differential diagnosis patterns and the well-correlation found with computer tomography scan findings. In the third section, we described the utility of LUS in the management of COVID-19 patients, allowing an early diagnosis and triage in the emergency department, as the monitoring of pneumonia course (pneumonia progression, alveolar recruitment, mechanical ventilation weaning) and detection of secondary complications (pneumothorax, superinfection). Moreover, we describe the usefulness of LUS as a marker of the prognosis of COVID-19 pneumonia in the fourth section. Finally, the 5th part is focused on describing the interest of the LUS, as a non-ionized technique, in the management of pregnant COVID-19 women.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11175001","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,29]],"date-time":"2022-08-29T03:34:56Z","timestamp":1661744096000},"page":"5001","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Current Advances in Lung Ultrasound in COVID-19 Critically Ill Patients: A Narrative Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Minh Pierre","family":"L\u00ea","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Service de M\u00e9decine Intensive-R\u00e9animation, H\u00f4pital Cochin, Assistance Publique-H\u00f4pitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Centre & Universit\u00e9 Paris Cit\u00e9, 75014 Paris, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3379-4065","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mathieu","family":"Jozwiak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Service de M\u00e9decine Intensive R\u00e9animation, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, H\u00f4pital l\u2019Archet 1, 151 Route Saint Antoine de Ginesti\u00e8re, 06200 Nice, France"},{"name":"UR2CA, Unit\u00e9 de Recherche Clinique C\u00f4te d\u2019Azur, Universit\u00e9 C\u00f4te d\u2019Azur, 06200 Nice, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3204-4636","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Driss","family":"Laghlam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Service de M\u00e9decine Intensive-R\u00e9animation, H\u00f4pital Cochin, Assistance Publique-H\u00f4pitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Centre & Universit\u00e9 Paris Cit\u00e9, 75014 Paris, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.07-2800","article-title":"Relevance of lung ultrasound in the diagnosis of acute respiratory failure: The BLUE protocol","volume":"134","author":"Lichtenstein","year":"2008","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-012-2513-4","article-title":"International evidence-based recommendations for point-of-care lung ultrasound","volume":"38","author":"Volpicelli","year":"2012","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1097\/ALN.0000000000000558","article-title":"Ultrasound for \u201clung monitoring\u201d of ventilated patients","volume":"122","author":"Bouhemad","year":"2015","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"694","DOI":"10.1111\/1742-6723.13546","article-title":"CLUE: COVID-19 lung ultrasound in emergency department","volume":"32","author":"Manivel","year":"2020","journal-title":"Emerg. Med. Australas"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2006.02.013","article-title":"Bedside lung ultrasound in the assessment of alveolar-interstitial syndrome","volume":"24","author":"Volpicelli","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am. J. Emerg. Med."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/2110-5820-4-1","article-title":"Lung ultrasound in the critically ill","volume":"4","author":"Lichtenstein","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ann. Intensive Care"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1434","DOI":"10.1007\/s001340000627","article-title":"The \u201clung point\u201d: An ultrasound sign specific to pneumothorax","volume":"26","author":"Lichtenstein","year":"2000","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-003-2075-6","article-title":"Ultrasound diagnosis of alveolar consolidation in the critically ill","volume":"30","author":"Lichtenstein","year":"2004","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1640","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.156.5.96-07096","article-title":"The comet-tail artifact. An ultrasound sign of alveolar-interstitial syndrome","volume":"156","author":"Lichtenstein","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1331","DOI":"10.1007\/s001340050771","article-title":"A lung ultrasound sign allowing bedside distinction between pulmonary edema and COPD: The comet-tail artifact","volume":"24","author":"Lichtenstein","year":"1998","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.1111\/acem.12651","article-title":"Comparison of expert and novice sonographers\u2019 performance in focused lung ultrasonography in dyspnea (FLUID) to diagnose patients with acute heart failure syndrome","volume":"22","author":"Chiem","year":"2015","journal-title":"Acad. Emerg. Med."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1395","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrc.2015.08.021","article-title":"Interobserver agreement in the evaluation of B-lines using bedside ultrasound","volume":"30","author":"Gullett","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Crit. Care"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201802-0227LE","article-title":"Training for Lung Ultrasound Score Measurement in Critically Ill Patients","volume":"198","author":"Rouby","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20200755","DOI":"10.1259\/bjr.20200755","article-title":"Lung ultrasound education: Simulation and hands-on","volume":"94","author":"Wolstenhulme","year":"2021","journal-title":"Br. J. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"941","DOI":"10.1093\/ehjci\/jeaa163","article-title":"Why, when, and how to use lung ultrasound during the COVID-19 pandemic: Enthusiasm and caution","volume":"21","author":"Gargani","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J. Cardiovasc. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1186\/s12947-017-0113-8","article-title":"Could the use of bedside lung ultrasound reduce the number of chest X-rays in the intensive care unit?","volume":"15","author":"Brogi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Ultrasound"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"849","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-020-05996-6","article-title":"Findings of lung ultrasonography of novel corona virus pneumonia during the 2019\u20132020 epidemic","volume":"46","author":"Peng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1445","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-020-06048-9","article-title":"What\u2019s new in lung ultrasound during the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"46","author":"Volpicelli","year":"2020","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2020.05.022","article-title":"Accuracy of Emergency Department Clinical Findings for Diagnosis of Coronavirus Disease 2019","volume":"76","author":"Peyrony","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann. Emerg. Med."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1186\/s13089-020-00171-w","article-title":"Sonographic signs and patterns of COVID-19 pneumonia","volume":"12","author":"Volpicelli","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ultrasound J."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201802-0236CI","article-title":"Lung Ultrasound for Critically Ill Patients","volume":"199","author":"Mojoli","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1707","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-020-06186-0","article-title":"Comparative study of lung ultrasound and chest computed tomography scan in the assessment of severity of confirmed COVID-19 pneumonia","volume":"46","author":"Zieleskiewicz","year":"2020","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1761","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-020-06096-1","article-title":"Lung ultrasonography versus chest CT in COVID-19 pneumonia: A two-centered retrospective comparison study from China","volume":"46","author":"Yang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1186\/s13613-020-00799-w","article-title":"Lung ultrasound score predicts outcomes in COVID-19 patients admitted to the emergency department","volume":"11","author":"Marchini","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann. Intensive Care"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-021-06373-7","article-title":"Lung ultrasound for the early diagnosis of COVID-19 pneumonia: An international multicenter study","volume":"47","author":"Volpicelli","year":"2021","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e4189","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa1408","article-title":"Lung Ultrasonography for Risk Stratification in Patients with Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19): A Prospective Observational Cohort Study","volume":"73","author":"Brahier","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1006","DOI":"10.23736\/S0375-9393.21.15188-0","article-title":"Lung ultrasound predicts non-invasive ventilation outcome in COVID-19 acute respiratory failure: A pilot study","volume":"87","author":"Biasucci","year":"2021","journal-title":"Minerva Anestesiol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2004283","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.04283-2020","article-title":"Point-of-care lung ultrasound assessment for risk stratification and therapy guiding in COVID-19 patients: A prospective noninterventional study","volume":"58","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"702","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-020-03369-5","article-title":"Multi-organ point-of-care ultrasound for COVID-19 (PoCUS4COVID): International expert consensus","volume":"24","author":"Hussain","year":"2020","journal-title":"Crit. Care"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1792","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcmg.2020.05.017","article-title":"Heart and Lung Multimodality Imaging in COVID-19","volume":"13","author":"Agricola","year":"2020","journal-title":"JACC Cardiovasc. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1413","DOI":"10.1002\/jum.15285","article-title":"Proposal for International Standardization of the Use of Lung Ultrasound for Patients with COVID-19: A Simple, Quantitative, Reproducible Method","volume":"39","author":"Soldati","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Ultrasound Med."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1096","DOI":"10.1111\/anae.15082","article-title":"Point-of-care lung ultrasound in patients with COVID-19\u2014A narrative review","volume":"75","author":"Smith","year":"2020","journal-title":"Anaesthesia"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1873","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-020-06212-1","article-title":"Lung ultrasound predicts clinical course and outcomes in COVID-19 patients","volume":"46","author":"Lichter","year":"2020","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"700","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-020-03416-1","article-title":"Prognostic value of bedside lung ultrasound score in patients with COVID-19","volume":"24","author":"Ji","year":"2020","journal-title":"Crit. Care"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1177\/0885066620988831","article-title":"Point-of-Care Lung Ultrasound for COVID-19: Findings and Prognostic Implications from 105 Consecutive Patients","volume":"36","author":"Yasukawa","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Intensive Care Med."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2927","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultrasmedbio.2020.07.005","article-title":"Lung Ultrasound Findings Are Associated with Mortality and Need for Intensive Care Admission in COVID-19 Patients Evaluated in the Emergency Department","volume":"46","author":"Bonadia","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ultrasound Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1111\/echo.14664","article-title":"Our Italian experience using lung ultrasound for identification, grading and serial follow-up of severity of lung involvement for management of patients with COVID-19","volume":"37","author":"Vetrugno","year":"2020","journal-title":"Echocardiography"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Torres-Macho, J., S\u00e1nchez-Fern\u00e1ndez, M., Arnanz-Gonz\u00e1lez, I., Tung-Chen, Y., Franco-Moreno, A.I., Duffort-Falc\u00f3, M., Beltr\u00e1n-Romero, L., Rodr\u00edguez-Suar\u00e9z, S., Bernabeu-Wittel, M., and Urbano, E. (2021). Prediction Accuracy of Serial Lung Ultrasound in COVID-19 Hospitalized Patients (Pred-Echovid Study). J. Clin. Med., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10214818"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1345","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.108.5.1345","article-title":"A bedside ultrasound sign ruling out pneumothorax in the critically ill. Lung sliding","volume":"108","author":"Lichtenstein","year":"1995","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1097\/01.TA.0000133565.88871.E4","article-title":"Hand-held thoracic sonography for detecting post-traumatic pneumothoraces: The Extended Focused Assessment with Sonography for Trauma (EFAST)","volume":"57","author":"Kirkpatrick","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Trauma"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.07-1595","article-title":"Occult traumatic pneumothorax: Diagnostic accuracy of lung ultrasonography in the emergency department","volume":"133","author":"Soldati","year":"2008","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e240891","DOI":"10.1136\/bcr-2020-240891","article-title":"Use of point-of-care lung ultrasonography in the critical care setting as an aid to identifying the correct diagnosis in an acutely desaturating patient with COVID-19-related acute respiratory distress syndrome","volume":"14","author":"Lock","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ Case Rep."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"700","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hrtlng.2021.05.003","article-title":"Lung ultrasound score as a tool to monitor disease progression and detect ventilator-associated pneumonia during COVID-19-associated ARDS","volume":"50","author":"Dargent","year":"2021","journal-title":"Heart Lung"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1761","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0000000000003340","article-title":"Assessment of Lung Aeration and Recruitment by CT Scan and Ultrasound in Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome Patients","volume":"46","author":"Chiumello","year":"2018","journal-title":"Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201003-0369OC","article-title":"Bedside ultrasound assessment of positive end-expiratory pressure-induced lung recruitment","volume":"183","author":"Bouhemad","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1025","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.202012-4447LE","article-title":"Lung Recruitability Evaluated by Recruitment-to-Inflation Ratio and Lung Ultrasound in COVID-19 Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome","volume":"203","author":"Stevic","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_47","first-page":"101383","article-title":"Usefulness of serial lung ultrasound for a severe COVID-19 patient on extracorporeal membrane oxygenation","volume":"33","author":"Taniguchi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Respir. Med. Case Rep."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-017-4941-7","article-title":"Lung ultrasound for daily monitoring of ARDS patients on extracorporeal membrane oxygenation: Preliminary experience","volume":"44","author":"Mongodi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"M\u00f8ller-S\u00f8rensen, H., Gjedsted, J., Lind J\u00f8rgensen, V., and Lindskov Hansen, K. (2020). COVID-19 Assessment with Bedside Lung Ultrasound in a Population of Intensive Care Patients Treated with Mechanical Ventilation and ECMO. Diagnostics, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics10070447"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-019-05573-6","article-title":"Lung ultrasound allows the diagnosis of weaning-induced pulmonary oedema","volume":"45","author":"Guillot","year":"2019","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-019-05902-9","article-title":"Use of combined cardiac and lung ultrasound to predict weaning failure in elderly, high-risk cardiac patients: A pilot study","volume":"46","author":"Bouhemad","year":"2020","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1627","DOI":"10.1002\/jum.15548","article-title":"A New Lung Ultrasound Protocol Able to Predict Worsening in Patients Affected by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Pneumonia","volume":"40","author":"Perrone","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Ultrasound Med."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2020.12.012","article-title":"Lung ultrasonography: A prognostic tool in non-ICU hospitalized patients with COVID-19 pneumonia","volume":"85","author":"Casella","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. J. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dargent, A., Chatelain, E., Kreitmann, L., Quenot, J.P., Cour, M., and Argaud, L. (2020). Lung ultrasound score to monitor COVID-19 pneumonia progression in patients with ARDS. PLoS ONE, 15.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0236312"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1363","DOI":"10.1016\/j.acra.2020.07.002","article-title":"Semiquantitative lung ultrasound scores in the evaluation and follow-up of critically ill patients with COVID-19: A single-center study","volume":"27","author":"Deng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acad. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"922","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.20-0596","article-title":"Daily Evaluation of COVID-19 Patients Primarily Based on Lung Ultrasound: In Times of Emergency, It\u2019s Time to Change Some Paradigms","volume":"103","author":"Palmese","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2755","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2020.05.079","article-title":"Lung ultrasound monitoring in patients with COVID-19 on home isolation","volume":"38","author":"Shokoohi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Emerg. Med."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e62","DOI":"10.7861\/clinmed.2020-0123","article-title":"Lung ultrasound in the monitoring of COVID-19 infection","volume":"20","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Med."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-020-06328-4","article-title":"Ultrasound assessment of pulmonary fibroproliferative changes in severe COVID-19: A quantitative correlation study with histopathological findings","volume":"47","author":"Mauad","year":"2021","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1002\/uog.22028","article-title":"How to perform lung ultrasound in pregnant women with suspected COVID-19","volume":"55","author":"Moro","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ultrasound Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1002\/uog.22055","article-title":"Clinical role of lung ultrasound for diagnosis and monitoring of COVID-19 pneumonia in pregnant women","volume":"56","author":"Buonsenso","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ultrasound Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2020.04.020","article-title":"The diagnosis of pneumonia in a pregnant woman with coronavirus disease 2019 using maternal lung ultrasound","volume":"223","author":"Inchingolo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"768261","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2021.768261","article-title":"Lung Ultrasound Signs and Their Correlation with Clinical Symptoms in COVID-19 Pregnant Women: The \u201cPINK-CO\u201d Observational Study","volume":"8","author":"Vetrugno","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Med."}],"container-title":["Journal of Clinical Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/11\/17\/5001\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T00:15:42Z","timestamp":1760141742000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/11\/17\/5001"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,26]]},"references-count":63,"journal-issue":{"issue":"17","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9]]}},"alternative-id":["jcm11175001"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm11175001","relation":{},"ISSN":["2077-0383"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2077-0383"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,26]]}}}