{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T23:48:24Z","timestamp":1788306504852,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,31]],"date-time":"2022-08-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1661904000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Exhaled breath analysis has great potential in diagnosing various respiratory and non-respiratory diseases. In this study, we investigated the influence of inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) on exhaled volatile organic compounds (VOCs) of wheezing preschool children. Furthermore, we assessed whether exhaled VOCs could predict a clinical steroid response in wheezing preschool children. We performed a crossover 8-week ICS trial, in which 147 children were included. Complete data were available for 89 children, of which 46 children were defined as steroid-responsive. Exhaled VOCs were measured by GC-tof-MS. Statistical analysis by means of Random Forest was used to investigate the effect of ICS on exhaled VOCs. A set of 20 VOCs could best discriminate between measurements before and after ICS treatment, with a sensitivity of 73% and specificity of 67% (area under ROC curve = 0.72). Most discriminative VOCs were branched C11H24, butanal, octanal, acetic acid and methylated pentane. Other VOCs predominantly included alkanes. Regularised multivariate analysis of variance (rMANOVA) was used to determine treatment response, which showed a significant effect between responders and non-responders (p &lt; 0.01). These results show that ICS significantly altered the exhaled breath profiles of wheezing preschool children, irrespective of clinical treatment response. Furthermore, exhaled VOCs were capable of determining corticosteroid responsiveness in wheezing preschool children.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11175160","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,1]],"date-time":"2022-09-01T01:50:51Z","timestamp":1661997051000},"page":"5160","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Exhaled Breath Analysis for Investigating the Use of Inhaled Corticosteroids and Corticosteroid Responsiveness in Wheezing Preschool Children"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4823-5872","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michiel A. G. E.","family":"Bannier","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatrics, Division of Paediatric Respiratory Medicine, School for Public Health and Primary Care (CAPHRI), Maastricht University Medical Centre+, 6229 HX Maastricht, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sophie","family":"Kienhorst","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatrics, Division of Paediatric Respiratory Medicine, School for Public Health and Primary Care (CAPHRI), Maastricht University Medical Centre+, 6229 HX Maastricht, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Quirijn","family":"J\u00f6bsis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatrics, Division of Paediatric Respiratory Medicine, School for Public Health and Primary Care (CAPHRI), Maastricht University Medical Centre+, 6229 HX Maastricht, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kim D. G.","family":"van de Kant","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatrics, Division of Paediatric Respiratory Medicine, School for Public Health and Primary Care (CAPHRI), Maastricht University Medical Centre+, 6229 HX Maastricht, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Frederik-Jan","family":"van Schooten","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht University, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Agnieszka","family":"Smolinska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht University, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edward","family":"Dompeling","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatrics, Division of Paediatric Respiratory Medicine, School for Public Health and Primary Care (CAPHRI), Maastricht University Medical Centre+, 6229 HX Maastricht, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.1136\/thoraxjnl-2020-215667","article-title":"Breathomics for the clinician: The use of volatile organic compounds in respiratory diseases","volume":"76","author":"Ibrahim","year":"2021","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00122411","article-title":"Exhaled breath profiling in diagnosing wheezy preschool children","volume":"41","author":"Passos","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur. 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