{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:50:27Z","timestamp":1787028627285,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,20]],"date-time":"2022-09-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1663632000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"CMKP","award":["501-1-020-19-22"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["501-1-020-19-22"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) severely affects pediatric hospitalizations. This study assessed the contribution of CAP to hospitalizations, its etiology in relationship with age, and the inflammatory markers. Between 2013 and 2018, 1064 CAP patients were hospitalized and diagnosed with bacterial\/possibly bacterial pneumonia (BP), viral\/possibly viral pneumonia (VP) and atypical pneumonia (AP). The etiology was confirmed using blood\/pleural fluid culture\/polymerase chain reaction (PCR), rapid antigen test\/PCR in nasopharyngeal swabs, or serological studies. CAP accounted for 9.9% of hospitalizations and 14.8% of patient days. BP was diagnosed in 825 (77.5%), VP in 190 (17.9%), and AP in 49 (4.6%) cases; the confirmed etiology (n = 209; 20%) included mostly influenza (39%; n = 82), respiratory syncytial virus (RSV, 35%; n = 72), and Mycoplasma pneumoniae (19%; n = 39). VP frequency decreased with age (41% in &lt; 3 mo to 9% in \u2265 60 mo), in contrast to AP (13% in \u2265 60 mo). Among the analyzed parameters, the best differentiating potential was shown by: C-reactive protein (CRP, AUCBP-VP = 0.675; 95% CI: 0.634\u20130.715), procalcitonin (AUCBP-AP = 0.73; 95% CI: 0.67\u20130.794), and CRP\/procalcitonin (AUCAP-VP = 0.752; 95% CI: 0.67\u20130.83); a good positive predictive value (88.8%, 98.3%, and 91.6%, respectively) but a low negative predictive value (29.5%, 13.1%, and 40.7%, respectively) was observed. CAP influences hospital patient days more than the crude number of patients would suggest. On a clinical basis, BP is mainly recognized, although viral pneumonia is confirmed most often. RSV and influenza are responsible for a huge percentage of hospitalized cases, as well as M. pneumoniae in children aged \u2265 5 years. Serum inflammatory markers may help differentiate etiological factors.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11195506","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,20]],"date-time":"2022-09-20T22:36:44Z","timestamp":1663713404000},"page":"5506","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["The Etiology of Community-Acquired Pneumonia Correlates with Serum Inflammatory Markers in Children"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3167-3975","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"August","family":"Wrotek","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education, Marymoncka 99\/103, 01-813 Warsaw, Poland"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, The Bielanski Hospital, Ceg\u0142owska 80, 01-809 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julita","family":"Robakiewicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, The Bielanski Hospital, Ceg\u0142owska 80, 01-809 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4342-4324","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katarzyna","family":"Pawlik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Student Research Group at the Department of Pediatrics, The Bielanski Hospital, Ceg\u0142owska 80, 01-809 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4709-2187","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patryk","family":"Rudzinski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Student Research Group at the Department of Pediatrics, The Bielanski Hospital, Ceg\u0142owska 80, 01-809 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9354-7432","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Izabela","family":"Pilarska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Student Research Group at the Department of Pediatrics, The Bielanski Hospital, Ceg\u0142owska 80, 01-809 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aleksandra","family":"Jaro\u0144","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Student Research Group at the Department of Pediatrics, The Bielanski Hospital, Ceg\u0142owska 80, 01-809 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1169-5103","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aleksandra","family":"Imie\u0142owska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Student Research Group at the Department of Pediatrics, The Bielanski Hospital, Ceg\u0142owska 80, 01-809 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7176-2438","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ma\u0142gorzata","family":"Jarz\u0119bowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Student Research Group at the Department of Pediatrics, The Bielanski Hospital, Ceg\u0142owska 80, 01-809 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8482-9286","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katarzyna","family":"Zab\u0142ocka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Student Research Group at the Department of Pediatrics, The Bielanski Hospital, Ceg\u0142owska 80, 01-809 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Teresa","family":"Jackowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education, Marymoncka 99\/103, 01-813 Warsaw, Poland"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, The Bielanski Hospital, Ceg\u0142owska 80, 01-809 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"GBD2017 LRIC (2020). 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