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A sample of 441 subjects underwent a web-based survey, including the PANAS, the DASS-21, the IES-R, the Beck Cognitive Insight Scale, and a questionnaire investigating demographic information, brain fog, subjective cognitive impairments (Scc) and sleep disorders. ANOVA, ANCOVA, correlation and multiple stepwise regression analyses were performed. In our sample, 33% of participants were defined as Healthy Subjects (HS; no brain fog, no Scc), 27% as Probable Brain Fog (PBF; brain fog or Scc), and 40% as Functional Brain Fog (FBF; brain fog plus Scc). PBF and FBF showed higher levels of neuropsychiatric symptoms than HS, and FBF showed the worst psychological outcome. Moreover, worse cognitive symptoms were related to the female gender, greater neuropsychiatric symptoms, sleep disorders, and rumination\/indecision. Being a woman and more severe neuropsychiatric symptoms were predictors of FBF severity. Our data pointed out a high prevalence and various levels of severity and impairments of brain fog, suggesting a classificatory proposal and a multifaceted etiopathogenic model, thus facilitating adequate diagnostic and therapeutic approaches.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11195529","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,22]],"date-time":"2022-09-22T01:47:06Z","timestamp":1663811226000},"page":"5529","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":36,"title":["A New Look on Long-COVID Effects: The Functional Brain Fog Syndrome"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2006-7555","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Donata","family":"Orfei","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Mind Laboratory (MoMiLab), IMT School for Advanced Studies Lucca, Piazza S. 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Francesco 19, 55100 Lucca, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sonia","family":"D\u2019Arcangelo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Intesa Sanpaolo Innovation Center SpA Neuroscience Lab, Via Inghilterra 3, 10138 Turin, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesca","family":"Maggi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Intesa Sanpaolo Innovation Center SpA Neuroscience Lab, Via Inghilterra 3, 10138 Turin, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dario","family":"Russignaga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Intesa Sanpaolo S.p.A., HSE Office, Via Lorenteggio 266, 20152 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emiliano","family":"Ricciardi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Mind Laboratory (MoMiLab), IMT School for Advanced Studies Lucca, Piazza S. 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