{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:50:28Z","timestamp":1787028628184,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,22]],"date-time":"2022-09-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1663804800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Universit\u00e0 del Piemonte Orientale"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Lymphocyte count and neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) may represent useful biomarkers of Parkinson\u2019s disease (PD), but their role in PD-related mild cognitive impairment (MCI) has not been fully elucidated. The present study aimed to confirm whether these immunological measures can discriminate PD patients from healthy controls (HC) and establish their feasibility as prognostic biomarkers of MCI in PD. Immunological data at baseline were analyzed in 58 drug-na\u00efve PD patients and 58 HC matched 1:1 for age, sex, and cardiovascular comorbidities. We selected a subgroup of 51 patients from this initial cohort who underwent longitudinal neuropsychological assessments through the Addenbrooke\u2019s Cognitive Examination Revised (ACE-R) test. We considered the last examination available to analyze the relationship between ACE-R test scores and immunological measures. We found that lymphocyte count was lower and NLR higher in PD than HC (p = 0.006, p = 0.044), with AUC = 0.649 and 0.608, respectively. Secondly, in PD-MCI there were significantly higher levels of circulating lymphocytes (p = 0.002) and lower NLR (p = 0.020) than PD with normal cognitive status (PD-NC). Correlations between lymphocyte count and ACE-R total score and memory subitem (r = \u22120.382, p = 0.006; r = \u22120.362, p = 0.01), as well as between NLR and ACE-R total score and memory subitem (r = 0.325, p = 0.02; r = 0.374, p = 0.007), were also found. ROC curve analysis showed that lymphocyte count and NLR displayed acceptable discrimination power of PD-MCI with AUC = 0.759 and 0.691, respectively. In conclusion, we suggest that an altered peripheral immune phenotype could foster cognitive decline development in PD, thus opening the possibility of immune-targeting strategies to tackle this disabling non-motor feature.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11195543","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,22]],"date-time":"2022-09-22T05:33:14Z","timestamp":1663824794000},"page":"5543","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["Lymphocyte Count and Neutrophil-to-Lymphocyte Ratio Are Associated with Mild Cognitive Impairment in Parkinson\u2019s Disease: A Single-Center Longitudinal Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Elena","family":"Contaldi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Movement Disorders Centre, Neurology Unit, Department of Translational Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale, 28100 Novara, Italy"},{"name":"PhD Program in Medical Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Piemonte Orientale, 28100 Novara, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9546-8567","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luca","family":"Magistrelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Movement Disorders Centre, Neurology Unit, Department of Translational Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale, 28100 Novara, Italy"},{"name":"PhD Program in Clinical and Experimental Medicine and Medical Humanities, University of Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6978-7775","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marco","family":"Cosentino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Research in Medical Pharmacology, University of Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy"},{"name":"Center for Research in Neuroscience, University of Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Franca","family":"Marino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Research in Medical Pharmacology, University of Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy"},{"name":"Center for Research in Neuroscience, University of Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6862-9468","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cristoforo","family":"Comi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Research in Medical Pharmacology, University of Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Translational Medicine, Neurology Unit, S. Andrea Hospital, University of Piemonte Orientale, 13100 Vercelli, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.2007.131045","article-title":"Parkinson\u2019s Disease: Clinical Features and Diagnosis","volume":"79","author":"Jankovic","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2017.07.033","article-title":"Neuropathology of Parkinson Disease","volume":"46","author":"Dickson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Parkinsonism Relat. 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