{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T17:43:00Z","timestamp":1790185380624,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":82,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,25]],"date-time":"2022-09-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1664064000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"ophthalmology network","award":["OFTARED (RD16-0008)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["OFTARED (RD16-0008)"]}]},{"name":"ophthalmology network","award":["RICORS (RD21\/0002\/0032)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RICORS (RD21\/0002\/0032)"]}]},{"name":"inflammatory diseases network","award":["OFTARED (RD16-0008)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["OFTARED (RD16-0008)"]}]},{"name":"inflammatory diseases network","award":["RICORS (RD21\/0002\/0032)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RICORS (RD21\/0002\/0032)"]}]},{"name":"Institute of Health Carlos III (ISCIII), Spanish Government (Madrid, Spain)","award":["OFTARED (RD16-0008)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["OFTARED (RD16-0008)"]}]},{"name":"Institute of Health Carlos III (ISCIII), Spanish Government (Madrid, Spain)","award":["RICORS (RD21\/0002\/0032)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RICORS (RD21\/0002\/0032)"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Open-angle glaucoma (OAG), the most prevalent clinical type of glaucoma, is still the main cause of irreversible blindness worldwide. OAG is a neurodegenerative illness for which the most important risk factor is elevated intraocular pressure (IOP). Many questions remain unanswered about OAG, such as whether nutritional or toxic habits, other personal characteristics, and\/or systemic diseases influence the course of glaucoma. As such, in this study, we performed a multicenter analytical, observational, case\u2013control study of 412 participants of both sexes, aged 40\u201380 years, that were classified as having ocular hypertension (OHT) or OAG. Our primary endpoint was to investigate the relationship between specific lifestyle habits; anthropometric and endocrine\u2013metabolic, cardiovascular, and respiratory events; and commonly used psychochemicals, with the presence of OHT or OAG in an ophthalmologic population from Spain and Portugal. Demographic, epidemiological, and ocular\/systemic clinical data were recorded from all participants. Data were analyzed using the R Statistics v4.1.2 and RStudio v2021.09.1 programs. The mean age was 62 \u00b1 15 years, with 67\u201380 years old comprising the largest subgroup sample of participants in both study groups. The central corneal thickness (ultrasound pachymetry)-adjusted IOP (Goldman tonometry) in each eye was 20.46 \u00b1 2.35 and 20.1 \u00b1 2.73 mmHg for the OHT individuals, and 15.8 \u00b1 3.83 and 16.94 \u00b1 3.86 mmHg for the OAG patients, with significant differences between groups (both p = 0.001). The highest prevalence of the surveyed characteristics in both groups was for overweight\/obesity and daily coffee consumption, followed by psychochemical drug intake, migraine, and peripheral vasospasm. Our data show that overweight\/obesity, migraine, asthma, and smoking are major risk factors for conversion from OHT to OAG in this Spanish and Portuguese population.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11195649","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,26]],"date-time":"2022-09-26T01:41:58Z","timestamp":1664156518000},"page":"5649","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Impact of Systemic Comorbidities on Ocular Hypertension and Open-Angle Glaucoma, in a Population from Spain and Portugal"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Carolina","family":"Garcia-Villanueva","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Ophthalmic Research Unit \u201cSantiago Grisolia\u201d, FISABIO (Foundation for Research in Health and Biomedicine), 46017 Valencia, Spain"},{"name":"Cellular and Molecular Ophthalmobiology Group, Surgery Department, Faculty of Medicine and Odontology, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, University General Hospital, 46014 Valencia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elena","family":"Milla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Clinic Hospital, 08036 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Spanish Net of Ophthalmic Pathology OFTARED, Institute of Health Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9 M.","family":"Bolarin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Technological Centre of Information and Communication Technologies (CENTIC), 30100 Murcia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6245-7271","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 J.","family":"Garc\u00eda-Medina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Spanish Net of Ophthalmic Pathology OFTARED, Institute of Health Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Spanish Net of Inflammatory Diseases RICORS, Institute of Health Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, The General University Hospital \u201cMorales Meseguer\u201d, Ave\/Marques de los Velez s\/n, 30008 Murcia, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology and Optometry, University of Murcia, 30120 Murcia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Javier","family":"Cruz-Espinosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ophthalmic Research Unit \u201cSantiago Grisolia\u201d, FISABIO (Foundation for Research in Health and Biomedicine), 46017 Valencia, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Punta de Europa Hospital, 11207 Algeciras, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4179-3898","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Javier","family":"Ben\u00edtez-del-Castillo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cellular and Molecular Ophthalmobiology Group, Surgery Department, Faculty of Medicine and Odontology, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain"},{"name":"Spanish Net of Ophthalmic Pathology OFTARED, Institute of Health Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Jerez Hospital, 11407 Jerez de la Frontera, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9","family":"Salgado-Borges","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Clinsborges, 4000-422 Porto, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francisco J.","family":"Hern\u00e1ndez-Mart\u00ednez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cellular and Molecular Ophthalmobiology Group, Surgery Department, Faculty of Medicine and Odontology, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, San Juan de Dios Hospital, 41930 Sevilla, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elena","family":"Bendala-Tufanisco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ophthalmic Research Unit \u201cSantiago Grisolia\u201d, FISABIO (Foundation for Research in Health and Biomedicine), 46017 Valencia, Spain"},{"name":"Cellular and Molecular Ophthalmobiology Group, Surgery Department, Faculty of Medicine and Odontology, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Clinic Hospital, 08036 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Spanish Net of Inflammatory Diseases RICORS, Institute of Health Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University Cardenal Herrera CEU, 46115 Valencia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2112-8217","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Irene","family":"Andr\u00e9s-Blasco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ophthalmic Research Unit \u201cSantiago Grisolia\u201d, FISABIO (Foundation for Research in Health and Biomedicine), 46017 Valencia, Spain"},{"name":"Cellular and Molecular Ophthalmobiology Group, Surgery Department, Faculty of Medicine and Odontology, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain"},{"name":"Spanish Net of Inflammatory Diseases RICORS, Institute of Health Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alex","family":"Gallego-Martinez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ophthalmic Research Unit \u201cSantiago Grisolia\u201d, FISABIO (Foundation for Research in Health and Biomedicine), 46017 Valencia, Spain"},{"name":"Cellular and Molecular Ophthalmobiology Group, Surgery Department, Faculty of Medicine and Odontology, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1179-1592","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vicente C.","family":"Zan\u00f3n-Moreno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ophthalmic Research Unit \u201cSantiago Grisolia\u201d, FISABIO (Foundation for Research in Health and Biomedicine), 46017 Valencia, Spain"},{"name":"Cellular and Molecular Ophthalmobiology Group, Surgery Department, Faculty of Medicine and Odontology, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain"},{"name":"Spanish Net of Ophthalmic Pathology OFTARED, Institute of Health Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Spanish Net of Inflammatory Diseases RICORS, Institute of Health Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Faculty of Health Sciences, Valencian International University\u2014VIU, 46002 Valencia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0118-7837","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mar\u00eda Dolores","family":"Pinazo-Dur\u00e1n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ophthalmic Research Unit \u201cSantiago Grisolia\u201d, FISABIO (Foundation for Research in Health and Biomedicine), 46017 Valencia, Spain"},{"name":"Cellular and Molecular Ophthalmobiology Group, Surgery Department, Faculty of Medicine and Odontology, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain"},{"name":"Spanish Net of Ophthalmic Pathology OFTARED, Institute of Health Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Spanish Net of Inflammatory Diseases RICORS, Institute of Health Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Morrison, J.C., and Acott, T.S. (2003). Anatomy and physiology of aqueous humor outflow. Glaucoma-Science and Practice, Thieme Medical Publishers Inc.","DOI":"10.1055\/b-0034-50768"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1111\/aos.12232","article-title":"Intraocular pressure changes over 21 years\u2014A longitudinal age-cohort study in northern Sweden","volume":"92","author":"Stenlund","year":"2014","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2011.09.016","article-title":"Epidemiologic Characteristics of Intraocular Pressure in the Korean and Mongolian Populations: The Healthy Twin and the GENDISCAN Study","volume":"119","author":"Lee","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"918","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1995.01100070092031","article-title":"Risk Factors for Open-angle Glaucoma: The Barbados Eye Study","volume":"113","author":"Leske","year":"1995","journal-title":"Arch. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"570","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.50.10.570","article-title":"Intra-ocular pressure, glaucoma, and glaucoma suspects in a defined population","volume":"50","author":"Hollows","year":"1966","journal-title":"Br. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"588","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1977.04450040054004","article-title":"\u201cGlaucoma Suspect\u201d or \u201cOcular Hypertension\u201d","volume":"95","author":"Shaffer","year":"1977","journal-title":"Arch. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"696004","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2021.696004","article-title":"Optical Coherence Tomography Evaluation of Peripapillary and Macular Structure Changes in Pre-perimetric Glaucoma, Early Perimetric Glaucoma, and Ocular Hypertension: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"8","author":"Tong","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Med."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1612","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(02)01167-3","article-title":"European Glaucoma Prevention Study Group The European glaucoma prevention study design and baseline description of the participants","volume":"109","author":"Miglior","year":"2002","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2005.06.020","article-title":"European Glaucoma Prevention Study (EGPS) Group","volume":"112","author":"Miglior","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"714","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.120.6.714","article-title":"The Ocular Hypertension Treatment Study: Baseline factors that predict the onset of primary open-angle glaucoma","volume":"120","author":"Gordon","year":"2002","journal-title":"Arch. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.120.6.701","article-title":"The Ocular Hypertension Treatment Study: A randomized trial determines that topical ocular hypotensive medication delays or prevents the onset of primary open-angle glaucoma","volume":"120","author":"Kass","year":"2002","journal-title":"Arch. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"138","article-title":"The European Glaucoma Prevention Study and the Ocular Hypertension Treatment Study: Why do two studies have different results?","volume":"17","author":"Parrish","year":"2006","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1901","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2014.3192","article-title":"The pathophysiology and treatment of glaucoma: A review","volume":"311","author":"Weinreb","year":"2014","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"167","article-title":"Risk Factors for High Intraocular Pressure, Glaucoma and Retinal Detachment","volume":"3","year":"2020","journal-title":"N. Am. Acad. Res."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1111\/ceo.12763","article-title":"Associations between chronic systemic diseases and primary open angle glaucoma: An epidemiological perspective","volume":"45","author":"Tham","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Grzybowski, A., Och, M., Kanclerz, P., Leffler, C., and De Moraes, C.G. (2020). Primary Open Angle Glaucoma and Vascular Risk Factors: A Review of Population Based Studies from 1990 to 2019. J. Clin. Med., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm9030761"},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"1216","article-title":"Structure\/function\/treatment in glaucoma: Progress over the last 10 years","volume":"118","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ophthalmologe"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2016.05.003","article-title":"Prevalence, Features, and Severity of Glaucomatous Visual Field Loss Measured With the 10-2 Achromatic Threshold Visual Field Test","volume":"168","author":"Tran","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1111\/ceo.13989","article-title":"Medical therapy for glaucoma. A review","volume":"50","author":"Casson","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2008.05.048","article-title":"Intraocular Pressure, Central Corneal Thickness, and Prevalence of Open-Angle Glaucoma: The Los Angeles Latino Eye Study","volume":"146","author":"Francis","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moreno-Monta\u00f1\u00e9s, J., G\u00e1ndara, E., Gutierrez-Ruiz, I., Moreno-Galarraga, L., Ruiz-Canela, M., Bes-Rastrollo, M., Mart\u00ednez-Gonz\u00e1lez, M., and Fernandez-Montero, A. (2022). Healthy Lifestyle Score and Incidence of Glaucoma: The Sun Project. Nutrients, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14040779"},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"Hodapp, E., Parrish, R.K., and Anderson, D.R. (1993). Clinical Decisions in Glaucoma, The CV Mosby Comp."},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"42","article-title":"This Week\u2019s Citation Classic","volume":"12","author":"Akaike","year":"1981","journal-title":"Curr. Contents Eng. Technol. Appl. Sci."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1214\/14-EJS881","article-title":"A unifying approach to the estimation of the conditional Akaike information in generalized linear mixed models","volume":"8","author":"Saefken","year":"2014","journal-title":"Electron. J. Stat."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2081","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2014.05.013","article-title":"Global prevalence of glaucoma and projections of glaucoma burden through 2040: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"121","author":"Tham","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2021.01.004","article-title":"Glaucoma","volume":"105","author":"Kang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Med. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16067","DOI":"10.1038\/nrdp.2016.67","article-title":"Primary open-angle glaucoma","volume":"2","author":"Weinreb","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Dis. Primers"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optom.2016.02.003","article-title":"Glaucoma history and risk factors","volume":"10","author":"McMonnies","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Optom."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1539","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2014.02.021","article-title":"Using Filtered Forecasting Techniques to Determine Personalized Monitoring Schedules for Patients with Open-Angle Glaucoma","volume":"121","author":"Schell","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2017.04.009","article-title":"Will perimetry be performed to monitor glaucoma in 2025?","volume":"124","author":"Camp","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bille, J.F. (2019). Ophthalmic Diagnostic Imaging: Glaucoma. High Resolution Imaging in Microscopy and Ophthalmology: New Frontiers in Bio-medical Optics, Springer. Chapter 5.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-16638-0"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"869","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfo.2019.12.020","article-title":"A comparative evaluation of segmental analysis of macular layers in patients with early glaucoma, ocular hypertension, and healthy eyes","volume":"43","author":"Aksoy","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Fr. Ophtalmol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2020.03.026","article-title":"Pre-perimetric Open Angle Glaucoma with Young Age of Onset: Natural Clinical Course and Risk Factors for Progression","volume":"216","author":"Bak","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ogla.2019.11.012","article-title":"Review of Longitudinal Glaucoma Progression: 5 Years after the Shaffer Lecture","volume":"3","author":"Schuman","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ophthalmol. Glaucoma"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.pbr.2020.07.003","article-title":"Functional and morphological alterations in a glaucoma model of acute ocular hypertension","volume":"256","year":"2020","journal-title":"Prog. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.63.5.2","article-title":"Sodium Hyaluronate-Induced Ocular Hypertension in Rats Damages the Direction-Selective Circuit and Inner\/Outer Retinal Plexiform Layers","volume":"63","author":"Noailles","year":"2022","journal-title":"Investig. Opthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"6215745","article-title":"Eclectic Ocular Comorbidities and Systemic Diseases with Eye Involvement: A Review","volume":"2016","author":"Nucci","year":"2016","journal-title":"BioMed Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1007\/s10522-010-9287-2","article-title":"Aging, frailty and age-related diseases","volume":"11","author":"Fulop","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biogerontology"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E487","DOI":"10.1503\/cmaj.101271","article-title":"Changes in relative fitness and frailty across the adult lifespan: Evidence from the Canadian National Population Health Survey","volume":"183","author":"Rockwood","year":"2011","journal-title":"Can. Med. Assoc. J."},{"key":"ref_40","first-page":"637","article-title":"Oxidative stress and its downstream signaling in aging eyes","volume":"9","author":"Medina","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. Interv. Aging"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.21899","article-title":"Glaucoma in Adults-Screening, Diagnosis, and Management: A Review","volume":"325","author":"Stein","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2197","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMp2029646","article-title":"A Half-Century of Progress in Health: The National Academy of Medicine at 50: Solving Population-wide Obesity\u2014Progress and Future Prospects","volume":"383","author":"Kumanyika","year":"2020","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1849","DOI":"10.1038\/s41366-022-01195-z","article-title":"Changes in physical activity and adiposity with all-cause, cardiovascular disease, and cancer mortality","volume":"46","author":"Ahmadi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Obes."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"767","DOI":"10.1001\/archophthalmol.2010.373","article-title":"Lifestyle and risk of developing open-angle glaucoma: The Rotterdam study","volume":"129","author":"Ramdas","year":"2011","journal-title":"Arch. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, W.-D., Lai, L.-J., Lee, K.-L., Chen, T.-J., Liu, C.-Y., and Yang, Y.-H. (2021). Is Obesity a Risk or Protective Factor for Open-Angle Glaucoma in Adults? A Two-Database, Asian, Matched-Cohort Study. J. Clin. Med., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10174021"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.4093\/dmj.2019.0048","article-title":"Metabolic Health, Obesity, and the Risk of Developing Open-Angle Glaucoma: Metabolically Healthy Obese Patients versus Metabolically Unhealthy but Normal Weight Patients","volume":"44","author":"Jung","year":"2020","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab. J."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"835524","DOI":"10.3389\/fgene.2022.835524","article-title":"The Causal Association Between Obesity and Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma: A Two-Sample Mendelian Randomization Study","volume":"13","author":"Lin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Genet."},{"key":"ref_48","unstructured":"(2022, August 15). Euromonitor International for Trade Sources. Available online: https:\/\/firstwefeast.com\/drink\/2015\/01\/infographic-coffee-vs-tea-consumption-around-the-world."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1816604","article-title":"Coffee, Caffeine, and Health","volume":"383","author":"Hu","year":"2020","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5137","DOI":"10.2174\/0929867324666171009104040","article-title":"Protective Effects of the Caffeine Against Neurodegenerative Diseases","volume":"26","author":"Tellone","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1080\/10408390903586412","article-title":"Coffee and its Consumption: Benefits and Risks","volume":"51","author":"Butt","year":"2011","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1924","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.07-1425","article-title":"Caffeine Consumption and the Risk of Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma: A Prospective Cohort Study","volume":"49","author":"Kang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Investig. Opthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1014","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2022.04.027","article-title":"Habitual Coffee Consumption Increases Risk of Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma: A Mendelian Randomization Study","volume":"129","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1127","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2017-310924","article-title":"Frequency of a diagnosis of glaucoma in individuals who consume coffee, tea and\/or soft drinks","volume":"102","author":"Wu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Br. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.18240\/ijo.2022.05.09","article-title":"Green tea-a new perspective of glaucoma prevention","volume":"15","author":"Gasiunas","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1159\/000447034","article-title":"The Safety, Tolerability and Risks Associated with the Use of Newer Generation Antidepressant Drugs: A Critical Review of the Literature","volume":"85","author":"Carvalho","year":"2016","journal-title":"Psychother. Psychosom."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-022-01946-6","article-title":"Mental disorders following COVID-19 and other epidemics: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"12","author":"Leung","year":"2022","journal-title":"Transl. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"574","DOI":"10.1097\/IJG.0b013e318287aca7","article-title":"High intraocular pressure after carbamazepine and gabapentin intake in a pseudoex-foliative patient","volume":"23","author":"Atalay","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Glaucoma"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2018.07.079","article-title":"The risk of glaucoma and serotonergic antidepressants: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"241","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1007\/s10792-016-0245-0","article-title":"The association between cigarette smoking and primary open-angle glaucoma: A systematic review","volume":"37","author":"Jain","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"500","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-019-6891-1","article-title":"The relative impact of smoking, alcohol use and drug use on general sickness absence among Norwegian employees","volume":"19","author":"Lund","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e5761","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000005761","article-title":"Smoking and incidence of glaucoma: The SUN Cohort. Medicine (Baltimore)","volume":"96","author":"Toledo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"ref_63","first-page":"2953","article-title":"Smoking, an addi-tional risk factor in elder women with primary open-angle glaucoma","volume":"15","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mol. Vis."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2012.01.007","article-title":"Thyroid physiology","volume":"96","author":"Stathatos","year":"2012","journal-title":"Med. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1468","DOI":"10.1111\/cas.14363","article-title":"Predictive and sensitive biomarkers for thyroid dysfunctions during treatment with immune-checkpoint inhibitors","volume":"111","author":"Kurimoto","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cancer Sci."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.49.8.441","article-title":"Glaucoma and the thyroid","volume":"49","author":"McLenachan","year":"1965","journal-title":"Br. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"600","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.eye.6700731","article-title":"Open-angle glaucoma and systemic thyroid disease in an older population: The Blue Mountains Eye Study","volume":"18","author":"Lee","year":"2004","journal-title":"Eye"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1097\/IOP.0000000000002049","article-title":"Intraocular Pressure and Glaucoma in Thyroid Eye Disease","volume":"38","author":"Betzler","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Plast. Reconstr. Surg."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(04)15440-8","article-title":"Migraine","volume":"363","author":"Silberstein","year":"2004","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"924","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurol.2020.11.012","article-title":"Severe migraine and its control: A proposal for definitions and consequences for care","volume":"177","author":"Donnet","year":"2021","journal-title":"Rev. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e11377","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000011377","article-title":"Migraine as a risk factor for primary open angle glaucoma: A systematic review and me-ta-analysis. Medicine (Baltimore)","volume":"97","author":"Xu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huang, J.Y., Su, C.C., Wang, T.H., and Tsai, I.J. (2019). Migraine and increased risk of developing open angle glaucoma: A population-based cohort study. BMC Ophthalmol., 19.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12886-019-1062-9"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1016\/S1350-9462(00)00028-8","article-title":"Vasospasm, its Role in the Pathogenesis of Diseases with Particular Reference to the Eye","volume":"20","author":"Flammer","year":"2001","journal-title":"Prog. Retin. Eye Res."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.3892\/etm.2021.9714","article-title":"Association between vascular comorbidity and glaucoma progression: A four-year observational study","volume":"21","author":"Dascalu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Exp. Ther. Med."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1030","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.126.8.1030","article-title":"Canadian Glaucoma Study Group. Canadian Glaucoma Study: 2. risk factors for the progression of open-angle glaucoma","volume":"126","author":"Chauhan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Arch. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2018.12.004","article-title":"Asthma in the Primary Care Setting","volume":"103","author":"Wu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Med. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.2500\/aap.2019.40.4256","article-title":"Asthma in adults: Principles of treatment","volume":"40","author":"Kwah","year":"2019","journal-title":"Allergy Asthma Proc."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2099","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.128.4.2099","article-title":"Patterns of Comorbidities in Newly Diagnosed COPD and Asthma in Primary Care","volume":"128","author":"Soriano","year":"2005","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1013","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(19)30397-2","article-title":"The Acute COPD Exacerbation Prediction Tool (ACCEPT): A modelling study","volume":"8","author":"Adibi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Respir. Med."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1341","DOI":"10.1089\/ars.2020.8180","article-title":"Oxidative Stress and Hypoxia Modify Mitochondrial Homeostasis During Glaucoma","volume":"35","author":"Jassim","year":"2021","journal-title":"Antioxid. Redox Signal."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1002\/pds.567","article-title":"The risk of obstructive airways disease in a glaucoma population","volume":"10","author":"Huerta","year":"2001","journal-title":"Pharmacoepidemiol. Drug Saf."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.pbr.2020.07.010","article-title":"Links between obstructive sleep apnea and glaucoma neurodegeneration","volume":"257","author":"Cesareo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Prog. Brain Res."}],"container-title":["Journal of Clinical Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/11\/19\/5649\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T00:39:13Z","timestamp":1760143153000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/11\/19\/5649"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,25]]},"references-count":82,"journal-issue":{"issue":"19","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10]]}},"alternative-id":["jcm11195649"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm11195649","relation":{},"ISSN":["2077-0383"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2077-0383","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,25]]}}}