{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,4]],"date-time":"2026-07-04T15:49:17Z","timestamp":1783180157102,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,28]],"date-time":"2022-09-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1664323200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Small bowel perforations are a rare diagnosis compared with esophageal, gastric, and colonic perforations. However, small bowel perforations can be fatal if left untreated. A classification of small bowel perforations or treatment recommendations do not exist to date. Methods: A retrospective, monocentric, code-related data analysis of patients with small bowel perforations was performed for the period of 2010 to 2019. Results: Over a 10-year period, 267 cases of small bowel perforation in 257 patients (50.2% male and 49.8% female; mean age of 60.28 years) were documented. Perforation\u2019s localization was 5% duodenal, 38% jejunal, 39% ileal, and 18% undocumented. Eight etiologies were differentiated: iatrogenic (41.9%), ischemic (20.6%), malignant (18.9%), inflammatory (8.2%), diverticula-associated (4.5%), traumatic (4.5%), foreign-body-associated (1.9%), and cryptical (1.5%) perforations. Operative treatment combined with antibiotics was the most commonly used therapeutic approach (94.3%). The mortality rate was 14.23%, with highest rate for patients with ischemic perforations. Discussion: An algorithm for diagnostic and therapeutic steps was established. Furthermore, it was found that small bowel perforations are rare events with poor outcomes. Time to diagnosis and grade of underlying disease are the most essential parameters to predict perforation-associated complications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11195748","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,28]],"date-time":"2022-09-28T22:53:19Z","timestamp":1664405599000},"page":"5748","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Classification und Treatment Algorithm of Small Bowel Perforations Based on a Ten-Year Retrospective Analysis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Flurina","family":"Onken","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University Hospital of T\u00fcbingen, Hoppe-Seyler-Str. 3, 72076 T\u00fcbingen, Germany"},{"name":"Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of T\u00fcbingen, Hoppe-Seyler-Str.3, 72076 T\u00fcbingen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Moritz","family":"Senne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University Hospital of T\u00fcbingen, Hoppe-Seyler-Str. 3, 72076 T\u00fcbingen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alfred","family":"K\u00f6nigsrainer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University Hospital of T\u00fcbingen, Hoppe-Seyler-Str. 3, 72076 T\u00fcbingen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8832-5031","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"D\u00f6rte","family":"Wichmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University Hospital of T\u00fcbingen, Hoppe-Seyler-Str. 3, 72076 T\u00fcbingen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"1017","article-title":"Non-traumatic perforation of the small intestine. 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