{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T20:59:38Z","timestamp":1790283578675,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,28]],"date-time":"2022-09-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1664323200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: The addition of face allotransplantation (FT) to the head and neck reconstructive surgery arsenal has started a true revolution. This study is aimed at providing an extensive analysis of the current practice of composite tissue allotransplantation. Moreover, a thorough description of pre-procedural, intra-operative, and post-procedural settings, indications, contraindications, outcomes, ethical considerations, and future perspectives is provided. Methods: The authors\u2019 experience was supplemented with a literature review performed by using the PubMed, MEDLINE, and Embase databases on 21 February 2022. The search terms used were \u201cface transplantation indications\u201d, \u201cface transplantation complications\u201d, and \u201cface transplantation ethical issues\u201d. Results: The most recent achievements and long-term clinical sequelae of FT are classified and summarized. A large number of records (4435) were identified. Seventy-five articles were assessed for eligibility. Publications without new data and reports with a patient follow-up &lt; 5 years were excluded. Nineteen articles met the criteria for inclusion. Conclusions: The most recent achievements in the field of FT may be combined with cutting-edge regenerative medicine procedures and innovative immunological processing. It is paramount to build strong international networks between the world FT experts in order to achieve higher-level outcomes and reduce the complication rate. Nevertheless, the utmost caution is required in patient selection, clinical assessment, strict follow-up, and rejection management.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11195750","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,28]],"date-time":"2022-09-28T22:53:19Z","timestamp":1664405599000},"page":"5750","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":46,"title":["Face Transplant: Indications, Outcomes, and Ethical Issues\u2014Where Do We Stand?"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3543-9024","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Simone","family":"La Padula","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Via Pansini 5, 80131 Napoli, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Maxillo Facial Surgery, Henri Mondor Hospital, University Paris XII, 51 Avenue du Mar\u00e9chal de Lattre de Tassigny, 94000 Cr\u00e9teil, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rosita","family":"Pensato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Via Pansini 5, 80131 Napoli, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chiara","family":"Pizza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Maxillo Facial Surgery, Henri Mondor Hospital, University Paris XII, 51 Avenue du Mar\u00e9chal de Lattre de Tassigny, 94000 Cr\u00e9teil, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9072-9166","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Edoardo","family":"Coiante","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Maxillo Facial Surgery, Henri Mondor Hospital, University Paris XII, 51 Avenue du Mar\u00e9chal de Lattre de Tassigny, 94000 Cr\u00e9teil, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giovanni","family":"Roccaro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Maxillo Facial Surgery, Henri Mondor Hospital, University Paris XII, 51 Avenue du Mar\u00e9chal de Lattre de Tassigny, 94000 Cr\u00e9teil, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Benedetto","family":"Longo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Universit\u00e0 di Roma Tor Vergata, Viale Oxford 81, 00133 Roma, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesco","family":"D\u2019Andrea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Via Pansini 5, 80131 Napoli, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesco Saverio","family":"Wirz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Plastic Surgery Clinic, 12 de Rue de Ponthieu, 75008 Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Barbara","family":"Hersant","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Maxillo Facial Surgery, Henri Mondor Hospital, University Paris XII, 51 Avenue du Mar\u00e9chal de Lattre de Tassigny, 94000 Cr\u00e9teil, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jean Paul","family":"Meningaud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Maxillo Facial Surgery, Henri Mondor Hospital, University Paris XII, 51 Avenue du Mar\u00e9chal de Lattre de Tassigny, 94000 Cr\u00e9teil, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(06)68935-6","article-title":"First human face allograft: Early report","volume":"368","author":"Devauchelle","year":"2006","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1022e","DOI":"10.1097\/PRS.0000000000007932","article-title":"Facial Transplantation: Principles and Evolving Concepts","volume":"147","author":"Kantar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Plast. 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