{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T04:18:02Z","timestamp":1791951482609,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,28]],"date-time":"2022-09-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1664323200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Nestl\u00e9 Health Science Company of Nestl\u00e9 Japan"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Introduction: Post-intensive care syndrome (PICS) is an emerging problem in critically ill patients and the prevalence and risk factors are unclear in patients with severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). This multicenter prospective observational study aimed to investigate the prevalence and risk factors of PICS in ventilated patients with COVID-19 after ICU discharge. Methods: Questionnaires were administered twice in surviving patients with COVID-19 who had required mechanical ventilation, concerning Barthel Index, Short-Memory Questionnaire, and Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale scores. The risk factors for PICS were examined using a multivariate logistic regression analysis. Results: The first and second PICS surveys were obtained at 5.5 and 13.5 months (mean) after ICU discharge, with 251 and 209 patients completing the questionnaires and with a prevalence of PICS of 58.6% and 60.8%, respectively, along with the highest percentages of cognitive impairment. Delirium (with an odds ratio of (OR) 2.34, 95% CI 1.1\u20134.9, and p = 0.03) and the duration of mechanical ventilation (with an OR of 1.29, 95% CI 1.05\u20131.58, and p = 0.02) were independently identified as the risk factors for PICS in the first PICS survey. Conclusion: Approximately 60% of the ventilated patients with COVID-19 experienced persistent PICS, especially delirium, and required longer mechanical ventilation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11195758","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,28]],"date-time":"2022-09-28T22:53:19Z","timestamp":1664405599000},"page":"5758","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":41,"title":["Prevalence and Risk Factor Analysis of Post-Intensive Care Syndrome in Patients with COVID-19 Requiring Mechanical Ventilation: A Multicenter Prospective Observational Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2290-6965","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Junji","family":"Hatakeyama","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, National Hospital Organization Tokyo Medical Center, Tokyo 152-8902, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Osaka 569-8686, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3907-8537","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shigeaki","family":"Inoue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Disaster and Emergency Medicine, School of Medicine, Kobe University, Kobe 650-0017, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6867-1420","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Keibun","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Critical Care Research Group, The Prince Charles Hospital, Brisbane, QLD 4032, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2999-4021","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kazuma","family":"Yamakawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Osaka 569-8686, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Takeshi","family":"Nishida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Trauma and Surgical Critical Care, Osaka General Medical Center, Osaka 558-8558, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1119-3322","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shinichiro","family":"Ohshimo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima 734-8551, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Satoru","family":"Hashimoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Naoki","family":"Kanda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of General Internal Medicine, Jichi Medical University Hospital, Tochigi 329-0498, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shuhei","family":"Maruyama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Kansai Medical University Medical Center, Osaka 570-8507, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yoshitaka","family":"Ogata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Critical Care Medicine, Yao Tokushukai General Hospital, Osaka 581-0011, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daisuke","family":"Kawakami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care, Kobe City Medical Center General Hospital, Kobe 650-0047, 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Critical Care Medicine, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba 260-8677, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tatsuya","family":"Fuchigami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Intensive Care Unit, University of the Ryukyus Hospital, Nishihara 903-0215, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hironori","family":"Yawata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Japanese Red Cross Kyoto Daiichi Hospital, Kyoto 605-0981, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kyoji","family":"Oe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Asahi General Hospital, Chiba 289-2511, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Akira","family":"Kawauchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Japanese Red Cross Maebashi Hospital, Advanced Medical Emergency 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Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1434-5697","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Satoru","family":"Beppu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, National Hospital Organization Kyoto Medical Center, Kyoto 612-8555, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Masaki","family":"Anraku","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Thoracic Surgery, Tokyo Metropolitan Geriatric Hospital and Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo 173-0015, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Noboru","family":"Kato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Yodogawa Christian Hospital, Osaka 533-0024, 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Care Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo 113-8431, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hirona","family":"Nishimaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology, Tohoku University Hospital, Sendai 980-8574, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kentaro","family":"Tokuda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Intensive Care Unit, Kyushu University Hospital, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0140-283X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Osamu","family":"Nishida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Nagoya 470-1192, 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