{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T21:35:57Z","timestamp":1790631357544,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,29]],"date-time":"2022-09-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1664409600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Synopsis: Nowadays there are no clinical, laboratory, or ultrasound criteria to differentiate ectopic tubal pregnancy from tubal molar pregnancy, so a preoperative diagnosis is not possible. Objective: Tubal ectopic hydatidiform moles are a rare type of gestational trophoblastic disease. The aim of our work is to understand if it is possible to diagnose, preoperatively, a tubal ectopic molar pregnancy, starting from the evaluation of a complicated case report up to performing a review of the literature. Materials and Methods: A 27-year-old woman was referred to our department for right pelvic pain, vaginal bleeding, and positive beta-hCG (590 mUI\/mL). At the ultrasound, the uterine cavity was empty and a unilocular cyst of 15 mm below the right ovary, suspicious of ectopic pregnancy, was described. Serial measurements of daily beta-hCG (2031 \u2192 2573 \u2192 3480 mUI\/mL) and, after five days, a laparoscopic salpingectomy, were performed. The pathologist confirmed a diagnosis of \u201cincomplete invasive vesicular mole with extrauterine implant\u201d. A review of the literature was performed, following the PRISMA statement, and searching all the articles related to this topic in the last ten years from PUBMED. We obtained data from thirteen studies, describing fourteen cases. Discussion: Considering the data from the literature, the main clinical symptoms were pelvic pain (100%), vaginal bleeding (64%), vomiting (7%), and fever (7%). By ultrasound examination, left adnexal mass on ten women (72%), and right adnexal mass on four (28%), were described. An assessment of ectopic pregnancy was made in all cases, but no preoperative diagnosis of tubal molar pregnancy was made. Beta-hCG levels were the same as patients with ectopic tubal pregnancy. Conclusion: Nowadays there are no clinical, laboratory, or ultrasound criteria to differentiate ectopic tubal pregnancy from tubal molar pregnancy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11195783","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,29]],"date-time":"2022-09-29T23:09:29Z","timestamp":1664492969000},"page":"5783","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Is It Possible to Diagnose Preoperatively a Tubal Ectopic Hydatidiform Molar Pregnancy? Description of a Case Report and Review of the Literature of the Last Ten Years"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Marco","family":"D\u2019Asta","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Azienda di Rilievo Nazionale e di Alta Specializzazione (ARNAS) Garibaldi Nesima, 95124 Catania, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicol\u00f2","family":"La Ferrera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Azienda di Rilievo Nazionale e di Alta Specializzazione (ARNAS) Garibaldi Nesima, 95124 Catania, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7910-0386","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ferdinando Antonio","family":"Gulino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Azienda di Rilievo Nazionale e di Alta Specializzazione (ARNAS) Garibaldi Nesima, 95124 Catania, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carla","family":"Ettore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Azienda di Rilievo Nazionale e di Alta Specializzazione (ARNAS) Garibaldi Nesima, 95124 Catania, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Ettore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Azienda di Rilievo Nazionale e di Alta Specializzazione (ARNAS) Garibaldi Nesima, 95124 Catania, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(10)60280-2","article-title":"Gestational trophoblastic disease","volume":"376","author":"Seckl","year":"2010","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"714","DOI":"10.1038\/286714a0","article-title":"Mechanism of origin of complete hydatidiform moles","volume":"286","author":"Jacobs","year":"1980","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9378(93)90168-I","article-title":"Tubal hydatidiform mole","volume":"169","author":"Depypere","year":"1993","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1097\/00003081-200309000-00006","article-title":"Gestational Trophoblastic Disease Epidemiology and Trends","volume":"46","author":"Smith","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clin. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"b2700","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.b2700","article-title":"The PRISMA statement for reporting systematic reviews and meta-analyses of studies that evaluate healthcare interventions: Ex-planation and elaboration","volume":"339","author":"Liberati","year":"2009","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"4367181","article-title":"A Molar Pregnancy within the Fallopian Tube","volume":"2016","author":"Allen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Case Rep. Obs. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"bcr0720092123","DOI":"10.1136\/bcr.07.2009.2123","article-title":"A case of true tubal hydatidiform mole and literature review","volume":"2010","author":"Siozos","year":"2010","journal-title":"BMJ Case Rep."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"63","article-title":"Ectopic molar pregnancy: A case report","volume":"11","author":"Bousfiha","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pan. Afr. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"201","article-title":"Ectopic molar pregnancy: A rare entity","volume":"11","author":"Tulon","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Reprod. Infertil."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijgo.2013.03.007","article-title":"Fallopian tube invasive molar disease","volume":"122","author":"Juan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Gynecol. Obstet."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0038-1653976","article-title":"Gestational Trophoblastic Neoplasia after Ectopic Molar Pregnancy: Clinical, Diagnostic, and Therapeutic Aspects","volume":"40","author":"Lopes","year":"2018","journal-title":"Rev. Bras. Ginecol. Obstet."},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"7153170","article-title":"Gestational Trophoblastic Disease Presents as an Ectopic Tubal Pregnancy, a Rare Entity","volume":"2019","author":"Saleh","year":"2019","journal-title":"Case Rep. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"S89","article-title":"Hydatidiform mole presentation as a tubal ectopic pregnancy","volume":"24","author":"Nakeer","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Coll. Physicians Surg. Pak."},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"ED10","article-title":"Molar Pregnancy Presents as Tubal Ectopic Pregnancy: A Rare Case Report","volume":"10","author":"Beena","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Clin. Diagn. Res."},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"184","article-title":"Molar Pregnancy Presents as Tubal Ectopic Pregnancy","volume":"4","author":"Tanha","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Fertil. Steril."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"985","DOI":"10.1111\/jog.12642","article-title":"Molar tubal ectopic pregnancy: Report of two cases","volume":"41","author":"Mbarki","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Obstet. Gynaecol. Res."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.4103\/1119-3077.104537","article-title":"Ruptured tubal molar pregnancy","volume":"15","author":"Yakasai","year":"2012","journal-title":"Niger. J. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1002\/ccr3.2037","article-title":"Tubal hydatidiform mole treated with salpingotomy: A case report","volume":"7","author":"Zhao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Case Rep."},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"760","article-title":"Gestational trophoblastic disease in ectopic pregnancy: A case series","volume":"51","author":"Charry","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Reprod. Med."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1136\/ijgc-00009577-200403000-00026","article-title":"The clinical presentation, treatment, and outcome of patients diagnosed with possible ectopic molar gestation","volume":"14","author":"Gillespie","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int. J. Gynecol. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2559.2001.01151.x","article-title":"Over-diagnosis of hydatidiform mole in early tubal ectopic pregnancy","volume":"38","author":"Burton","year":"2001","journal-title":"Histopathology"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.7863\/jum.2006.25.6.791","article-title":"Transvaginal Sonographic Findings of Isolated Intramural Uterine Choriocarcinoma Mimicking an Interstitial Pregnancy","volume":"25","author":"Sherer","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Ultrasound Med."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2559.2001.01182.x","article-title":"The diagnosis of hydatidiform mole in early tubal ectopic pregnancy","volume":"39","author":"Rees","year":"2001","journal-title":"Histopathology"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1080\/00313020601137367","article-title":"The pathology of gestational trophoblastic disease: Recent advances","volume":"39","author":"Wells","year":"2007","journal-title":"Pathology"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1639","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.2820710430","article-title":"Diagnosis and management of gestational trophoblastic disease","volume":"71","author":"Lewis","year":"1993","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1002\/jum.15119","article-title":"A Pictorial Ultra-sound Essay of Gestational Trophoblastic Disease","volume":"39","author":"Cavoretto","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Ultrasound Med."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1097\/01.pgp.0000164597.19346.b5","article-title":"Overdiagnosis of Complete and Partial Hydatidiform Mole in Tubal Ectopic Pregnancies","volume":"24","author":"Sebire","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int. J. Gynecol. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.1080\/01443610701630682","article-title":"Tubal hydatidiform mole: An unexpected diagnosis","volume":"27","author":"Farrukh","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Obstet. Gynaecol."}],"container-title":["Journal of Clinical Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/11\/19\/5783\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T00:42:00Z","timestamp":1760143320000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/11\/19\/5783"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,29]]},"references-count":28,"journal-issue":{"issue":"19","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10]]}},"alternative-id":["jcm11195783"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm11195783","relation":{},"ISSN":["2077-0383"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2077-0383","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,29]]}}}