{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T23:18:58Z","timestamp":1790291938878,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,5]],"date-time":"2022-10-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1664928000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Research of the Korea National Institute of Health","award":["2019-ER7103-02#"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019-ER7103-02#"]}]},{"name":"Research of the Korea National Institute of Health","award":["HY-202100000002865"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HY-202100000002865"]}]},{"name":"Hanyang University MEB","award":["2019-ER7103-02#"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019-ER7103-02#"]}]},{"name":"Hanyang University MEB","award":["HY-202100000002865"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HY-202100000002865"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Cystic periventricular leukomalacia (cPVL) is a major brain injury involving periventricular white matter that leads to neurodevelopmental impairment in very-low-birth weight (VLBW) infants. We investigated the neurodevelopmental outcomes (motor, cognition, visual, and hearing) of 5734 VLBW infants born between 2013 and 2019 and enrolled in the Korean Neonatal Network. Cranial ultrasound results were stratified by the presence of cPVL and severity of intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) (no, low-grade [I\/II], high-grade [III]). Neurodevelopmental impairment was evaluated using cerebral palsy for motor and Bayley Scales of Infant Development for cognition. cPVL was associated with motor, cognitive, and visual impairments in those without IVH and with low-grade IVH in pairwise comparisons (Cochran\u2013Mantel\u2013Haenszel p &lt; 0.001). Conversely, cPVL was non-significantly correlated with cognitive impairment in high-grade IVH. In regression models adjusted for neonatal variables, isolated cPVL was strongly associated with motor (22.04; 11.39\u201342.63) and cognitive (3.10; 1.54\u20136.22) impairments. This study underlines the overall considerable significance of cPVL on NDI with divergent impacts depending on the severity of IVH and developmental indices.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11195886","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,8]],"date-time":"2022-10-08T23:39:31Z","timestamp":1665272371000},"page":"5886","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Cystic Periventricular Leukomalacia Worsens Developmental Outcomes of Very-Low-Birth Weight Infants with Intraventricular Hemorrhage\u2014A Nationwide Cohort Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7883-8714","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jong Ho","family":"Cha","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Hanyang University Hospital, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul 04763, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nayeon","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biostatistical Consulting and Research Lab, Medical Research Collaborating Center, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiyeong","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biostatistical Consulting and Research Lab, Medical Research Collaborating Center, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9110-2963","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hyun Ju","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Hanyang University Hospital, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul 04763, Korea"},{"name":"Clinical Research Institute of Developmental Medicine, Hanyang University Hospital, Seoul 04763, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0465-7902","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jae Yoon","family":"Na","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Hanyang University Hospital, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul 04763, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5956-9208","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hyun-Kyung","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Hanyang University Hospital, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul 04763, Korea"},{"name":"Clinical Research Institute of Developmental Medicine, Hanyang University Hospital, Seoul 04763, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(08)70294-1","article-title":"Brain injury in premature infants: A complex amalgam of destructive and developmental disturbances","volume":"8","author":"Volpe","year":"2009","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-017-1718-6","article-title":"White matter injury in the preterm infant: Pathology and mechanisms","volume":"134","author":"Back","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1527","DOI":"10.1007\/s00381-015-2786-3","article-title":"The whole spectrum of cystic periventricular leukomalacia of the preterm infant: Results from a large consecutive case series","volume":"31","author":"Resch","year":"2015","journal-title":"Child\u2019s Nerv. 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