{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T10:39:32Z","timestamp":1790073572939,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,6]],"date-time":"2022-10-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1665014400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"ESF","award":["8.2.2.0\/20\/I\/004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["8.2.2.0\/20\/I\/004"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Actinic keratosis (AK) is one of the most common lesions on chronically sun-damaged skin that has the risk of progression to invasive squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). With the possibilities of using digital technologies for following-up skin lesions and their increased use in the past few decades, our objective was to update the review by Quaedvlieg et al., 2006, and to review prospective studies from 2005 onwards to identify the clinical characteristics of AK that later progressed to SCC. Methods: The PubMed, Scopus, and ScienceDirect databases were searched for relevant articles. The search had the following criteria: English language, human subjects and year from 2005 onwards. The study protocol was registered in the Prospero database with the record number CRD42020200429 and followed the PRISMA guidelines. The risk-of-bias assessment was performed using the QUIPS tool. Results: From the 5361 studies screened, 105 reports were evaluated for eligibility, and 2 articles with 621 patients were included. The main AK types associated with the development of SCC were found to be baseline AK, also known as a long-standing AK, and merging AK, also called an \u201cAK patch\u201d.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11195899","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,8]],"date-time":"2022-10-08T23:39:31Z","timestamp":1665272371000},"page":"5899","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Clinical Characteristics of Actinic Keratosis Associated with the Risk of Progression to Invasive Squamous Cell Carcinoma: A Systematic Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4523-7629","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alise","family":"Balcere","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Riga Stradi\u0146\u0161 University, LV-1010 Riga, Latvia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5671-8455","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laura","family":"Konr\u0101de-Jilmaza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Residency Development Program, University of Latvia, LV-1050 Riga, Latvia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura Agnese","family":"Pauli\u0146a","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Riga Stradi\u0146\u0161 University, LV-1007 Riga, Latvia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0937-6157","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ingr\u012bda","family":"\u010c\u0113ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and Oral Medicine, Riga Stradi\u0146\u0161 University, LV-1007 Riga, Latvia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0726-3375","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Angelika","family":"Kr\u016bmi\u0146a","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectiology, Riga Stradi\u0146\u0161 University, LV-1006 Riga, Latvia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.17531","article-title":"Overview of Guideline Recommendations for the Management of High-Risk and Advanced Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma","volume":"36","author":"Dessinioti","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e209","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2021.02.082","article-title":"Guidelines of Care for the Management of Actinic Keratosis","volume":"85","author":"Eisen","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Derm."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e14833","DOI":"10.1111\/dth.14833","article-title":"Patient-Reported Outcomes of Topical Therapies in Actinic Keratosis: A Systematic Review","volume":"34","author":"Grada","year":"2021","journal-title":"Dermatol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"991","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.12848","article-title":"Actinic Keratosis with Atypical Basal Cells (AK I) Is the Most Common Lesion Associated with Invasive Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Skin","volume":"29","author":"Carrato","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.14151","article-title":"From Actinic Keratosis to Squamous Cell Carcinoma: Pathophysiology Revisited","volume":"31","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol."},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"1099","article-title":"The Kinetics of Skin Cancer: Progression of Actinic Keratosis to Squamous Cell Carcinoma","volume":"33","author":"Fuchs","year":"2007","journal-title":"Dermatol. Surg."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI57415","article-title":"Review Series From Keratinocyte to Cancer: The Pathogenesis and Modeling of Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma","volume":"122","author":"Ratushny","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1684\/ejd.2012.1707","article-title":"Recurrence Rates and Patient Assessed Outcomes of 0.5% 5-Fluorouracil in Combination with Salicylic Acid Treating Actinic Keratoses","volume":"22","author":"Stockfleth","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejca.2020.01.008","article-title":"European Interdisciplinary Guideline on Invasive Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Skin: Part 2. Treatment","volume":"128","author":"Stratigos","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"335","article-title":"Actinic Keratosis: How to Differentiate the Good from the Bad Ones?","volume":"16","author":"Quaedvlieg","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"CRD42020200429","article-title":"Which Actinic Keratosis Will Progress to Invasive Squamous Cell Carcinoma? A Systematic Review","volume":"2020","author":"Balcere","year":"2020","journal-title":"PROSPERO"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"n160","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n160","article-title":"The PRISMA 2020 Statement: An Updated Guideline for Reporting Systematic Reviews","volume":"372","author":"Page","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2523","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.24284","article-title":"Actinic Keratoses: Natural History and Risk of Malignant Transformation in the Veterans Affairs Topical Tretinoin Chemoprevention Trial","volume":"115","author":"Criscione","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"830","article-title":"Actinic Keratoses, Actinic Field Change and Associations with Squamous Cell Carcinoma in Renal Transplant Recipients in Manchester, UK","volume":"95","author":"Wallingford","year":"2015","journal-title":"Acta Derm. Venereol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-6143.2012.04292.x","article-title":"A Surveillance Model for Skin Cancer in Organ Transplant Recipients: A 22-Year Prospective Study in an Ethnically Diverse Population","volume":"13","author":"Harwood","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Transplant."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"895","DOI":"10.1111\/ced.13211","article-title":"Clinical Comparison of Actinic Changes Preceding Squamous Cell Carcinoma vs. Intraepidermal Carcinoma in Renal Transplant Recipients","volume":"42","author":"Jiyad","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Derm."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"965","DOI":"10.1111\/bjd.15019","article-title":"Actinic Keratosis-Related Signs Predictive of Squamous Cell Carcinoma in Renal Transplant Recipients: A Nested Case\u2013Control Study","volume":"176","author":"Jiyad","year":"2017","journal-title":"Br. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"1163","article-title":"Aggressive Squamous Carcinomas of the Scalp","volume":"32","author":"Lang","year":"2006","journal-title":"Dermatol. Surg."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1016\/j.abd.2019.10.004","article-title":"Actinic Keratoses: Review of Clinical, Dermoscopic, and Therapeutic Aspects","volume":"94","author":"Reinehr","year":"2019","journal-title":"Bras. Derm."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.1016\/S0190-9622(97)70137-3","article-title":"High Rate of Malignant Transformation in Hyperkeratotic Actinic Keratoses","volume":"37","author":"Suchniak","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Derm."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1303","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.13626","article-title":"Actinic Keratosis: Correlation between Clinical and Histological Classification Systems","volume":"30","author":"Schmitz","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol."},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"13","article-title":"Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the External Auditory Canal","volume":"15","author":"Bridges","year":"2009","journal-title":"Derm. Online J."},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"333","article-title":"Verrucous Carcinoma Arising from Actinic Keratosis: A Case Report","volume":"22","author":"Jung","year":"2021","journal-title":"Arch. Craniofac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.4103\/0019-5154.131425","article-title":"A Case of Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma Arising in an Actinic Keratosis on the Face in a Centenarian Woman Successfully Treated with Surgery","volume":"59","author":"Yamazato","year":"2014","journal-title":"Indian J. Derm."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2014.02.046","article-title":"From Actinic Keratosis to Squamous Cell Carcinoma: Evidence of Morphologic and Biologic Progression","volume":"72","author":"Ruini","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Derm."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1346-8138.2011.01298.x","article-title":"Spindle Cell Squamous Cell Carcinoma Not Expressing Stratified but Simple Epithelial Cytokeratin: Efficacy of Simple Epithelial Cytokeratin Immunoreactivity","volume":"39","author":"Tokuriki","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Dermatol."}],"container-title":["Journal of Clinical Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/11\/19\/5899\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T00:47:14Z","timestamp":1760143634000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/11\/19\/5899"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,6]]},"references-count":26,"journal-issue":{"issue":"19","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10]]}},"alternative-id":["jcm11195899"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm11195899","relation":{},"ISSN":["2077-0383"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2077-0383","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,6]]}}}