{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:50:28Z","timestamp":1787028628085,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":153,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,8]],"date-time":"2022-10-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1665187200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The vagus or \u201cwandering\u201d nerve is the main branch of the parasympathetic nervous system (PNS), innervating most internal organs crucial for health. Activity of the vagus nerve can be non-invasively indexed by heart-rate variability parameters (HRV). Specific HRV parameters predict less all-cause mortality, lower risk of and better prognosis after myocardial infarctions, and better survival in cancer. A non-invasive manner for self-activating the vagus is achieved by performing a slow-paced breathing technique while receiving visual feedback of one\u2019s HRV, called HRV-biofeedback (HRV-B). This article narratively reviews the biological mechanisms underlying the role of vagal activity and vagally mediated HRV in hypertension, diabetes, coronary heart disease (CHD), cancer, pain, and dementia. After searching the literature for HRV-B intervention studies in each condition, we report the effects of HRV-B on clinical outcomes in these health conditions, while evaluating the methodological quality of these studies. Generally, the levels of evidence for the benefits of HRV-B is high in CHD, pain, and hypertension, moderate in cancer, and poor in diabetes and dementia. Limitations and future research directions are discussed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11195927","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,8]],"date-time":"2022-10-08T23:39:31Z","timestamp":1665272371000},"page":"5927","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":39,"title":["Neuromodulation Applied to Diseases: The Case of HRV Biofeedback"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7198-1972","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Asaf","family":"Gitler","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Social Welfare and Health Sciences, Department of Nursing, University of Haifa, Haifa 3498838, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leen","family":"Vanacker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Department of Public Health, Mental Health and Wellbeing Research Group, Free University of Brussels (VUB), 1140 Evere, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marijke","family":"De Couck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Department of Public Health, Mental Health and Wellbeing Research Group, Free University of Brussels (VUB), 1140 Evere, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Inge","family":"De Leeuw","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Department of Public Health, Mental Health and Wellbeing Research Group, Free University of Brussels (VUB), 1140 Evere, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yoram","family":"Gidron","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Social Welfare and Health Sciences, Department of Nursing, University of Haifa, Haifa 3498838, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"GBD 2016 Causes of Death Collaborators (2017). Global, regional, and national age-sex specific mortality for 264 causes of death, 1980\u20132016: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016. Lancet, 390, 1151\u20131210."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1204","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30925-9","article-title":"Global burden of 369 diseases and injuries in 204 countries and territories, 1990\u20132019: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019","volume":"396","author":"Vos","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1107","DOI":"10.1097\/00003246-199607000-00008","article-title":"Uncoupling of biological oscillators: A complementary hypothesis concerning the pathogenesis of multiple organ dysfunction syndrome","volume":"24","author":"Godin","year":"1996","journal-title":"Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gidron, Y., De Couck, M., Reynders, T., Marechal, R., Engelborghs, S., and D\u2019Hooghe, M. (2019). Stronger Correlations between Neurophysiological and Peripheral Disease Biomarkers Predict Better Prognosis in Two Severe Diseases. J. Clin. Med., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm9010026"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1177","DOI":"10.1002\/cphy.c130051","article-title":"Autonomic Nervous System and Immune System Interactions","volume":"4","author":"Kenney","year":"2014","journal-title":"Compr. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"C\u00e2mara, R., and Griessenauer, C.J. (2015). Nerves and Nerve Injuries, Academic Press."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102674","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autneu.2020.102674","article-title":"Human adult cardiac autonomic innervation: Controversies in anatomical knowledge and relevance for cardiac neuromodulation","volume":"227","author":"Wink","year":"2020","journal-title":"Auton. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1159\/000234168","article-title":"Effect of Serotonin on T Lymphocyte Proliferation in vitro in Healthy Individuals","volume":"81","author":"Khan","year":"1986","journal-title":"Int. Arch. Allergy Immunol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.1995.75.1.77","article-title":"Experimental basis for neural-immune interactions","volume":"75","author":"Madden","year":"1995","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/S1566-0702(00)00219-8","article-title":"Vagal immune-to-brain communication: A visceral chemosensory pathway","volume":"85","author":"Goehler","year":"2000","journal-title":"Auton. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.1038\/nri2566","article-title":"Reflex control of immunity","volume":"9","author":"Tracey","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1209985","article-title":"Acetylcholine-Synthesizing T Cells Relay Neural Signals in a Vagus Nerve Circuit","volume":"334","author":"Olofsson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/S0008-6363(98)00122-9","article-title":"Vagal nerve stimulation releases vasoactive intestinal peptide which significantly increases coronary artery blood flow","volume":"40","author":"Feliciano","year":"1998","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Res."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1007\/s10555-007-9055-1","article-title":"Hypoxia in cancer: Significance and impact on clinical outcome","volume":"26","author":"Vaupel","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cancer Metastasis Rev."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.5298\/1081-5937-41.1.02","article-title":"How Does Heart Rate Variability Biofeedback Work? Resonance, the Baroreflex, and Other Mechanisms","volume":"41","author":"Lehrer","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biofeedback"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1644","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehs420","article-title":"Respiratory rate predicts outcome after acute myocardial infarction: A prospective cohort study","volume":"34","author":"Barthel","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"Task Force of the European Society of Cardiology and the North American Society of Pacing and Electrophysiology (1996). Heart rate variability: Standards of measurement, physiological interpretation, and clinical use. Eur. Heart J., 17, 354\u2013381."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"864","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-8167.2005.40656.x","article-title":"Regression Analysis Between Heart Rate Variability and Baroreflex-Related Vagus Nerve Activity in Rats","volume":"16","author":"Kuo","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Cardiovasc. Electrophysiol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2017.00213","article-title":"Heart rate variability and cardiac vagal tone in psychophysiological research\u2013recommendations for experiment planning, data analysis, and data reporting","volume":"8","author":"Laborde","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.5298\/1081-5937-41.1.05","article-title":"Heart rate variability anatomy and physiology","volume":"41","author":"Shaffer","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biofeedback"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"602745","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2021.602745","article-title":"Commentary: Photoplethysmography for Quantitative Assessment of Sympathetic Nerve Activity (SNA) during Cold Stress","volume":"12","author":"Ackermann","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2013.00026","article-title":"The LF\/HF ratio does not accurately measure cardiac sympatho-vagal balance","volume":"4","author":"Billman","year":"2013","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"556","DOI":"10.1113\/expphysiol.2011.063867","article-title":"Sympathovagal balance from heart rate variability: An obituary","volume":"97","author":"Heathers","year":"2012","journal-title":"Exp. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1255","DOI":"10.1113\/expphysiol.2010.056259","article-title":"Low-frequency power of heart rate variability is not a measure of cardiac sympathetic tone but may be a measure of modulation of cardiac autonomic outflows by baroreflexes","volume":"96","author":"Goldstein","year":"2011","journal-title":"Exp. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1007\/s10286-010-0098-y","article-title":"Low frequency power of heart rate variability reflects baroreflex function, not cardiac sympathetic innervation","volume":"21","author":"Rahman","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin. Auton. Res."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2017.00258","article-title":"An Overview of Heart Rate Variability Metrics and Norms","volume":"5","author":"Shaffer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1111\/psyp.12027","article-title":"The utility of low frequency heart rate variability as an index of sympathetic cardiac tone: A review with emphasis on a reanalysis of previous studies","volume":"50","author":"Langewitz","year":"2013","journal-title":"Psychophysiology"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Munoz, M.L., van Roon, A., Riese, H., Thio, C., Oostenbroek, E., Westrik, I., de Geus, E.J.C., Gansevoort, R., Lefrandt, J., and Nolte, I.M. (2015). Validity of (Ultra-)Short Recordings for Heart Rate Variability Measurements. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0138921"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.537415","article-title":"Electrocardiographic predictors of incident congestive heart failure and all-cause mortality in postmenopausal women: The Women\u2019s Health Initiative","volume":"113","author":"Rautaharju","year":"2006","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"899","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a009049","article-title":"Heart Rate Variability from Short Electrocardiographic Recordings Predicts Mortality from All Causes in Middle-aged and Elderly Men: The Zutphen Study","volume":"145","author":"Dekker","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.canep.2015.11.007","article-title":"Vagal nerve activity predicts overall survival in metastatic pancreatic cancer, mediated by inflammation","volume":"40","author":"Moorthamers","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-009-1341-x","article-title":"Low vagal tone is associated with impaired post stress recovery of cardiovascular, endocrine, and immune markers","volume":"109","author":"Weber","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur. J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.30773\/pi.2017.08.17","article-title":"Stress and Heart Rate Variability: A Meta-Analysis and Review of the Literature","volume":"15","author":"Kim","year":"2018","journal-title":"Psychiatry Investig."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpsycho.2015.08.004","article-title":"Heart rate variability as a transdiagnostic biomarker of psychopathology","volume":"98","author":"Beauchaine","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Psychophysiol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1037\/0278-6133.17.3.214","article-title":"Types of stressors that increase susceptibility to the common cold in healthy adults","volume":"17","author":"Cohen","year":"1998","journal-title":"Health Psychol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e004500","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCOUTCOMES.117.004500","article-title":"Psychological distress and risk of myocardial infarction and stroke in the 45 and up study: A prospective cohort study","volume":"11","author":"Jackson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Circ. Cardiovasc. Qual. Outcomes"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1007\/s12160-009-9101-z","article-title":"Heart Rate Variability, Prefrontal Neural Function, and Cognitive Performance: The Neurovisceral Integration Perspective on Self-regulation, Adaptation, and Health","volume":"37","author":"Thayer","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ann. Behav. Med."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2011.11.009","article-title":"A meta-analysis of heart rate variability and neuroimaging studies: Implications for heart rate variability as a marker of stress and health","volume":"36","author":"Thayer","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"H946","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.1998.275.3.H946","article-title":"Dynamic heart rate variability: A tool for exploring sympathovagal balance continuously during sleep in men","volume":"275","author":"Otzenberger","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Circ. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1542-474X.2005.10101.x","article-title":"Heart rate variability: Measurement and clinical utility","volume":"10","author":"Kleiger","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ann. Noninvasive Electrocardiol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2281.2001.00337.x","article-title":"Time domain, geometrical and frequency domain analysis of cardiac vagal outflow: Effects of various respiratory patterns","volume":"21","author":"Helminen","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clin. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8986.2005.00277.x","article-title":"Filter properties of root mean square successive difference (RMSSD) for heart rate","volume":"42","author":"Berntson","year":"2005","journal-title":"Psychophysiology"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"878","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.90.2.878","article-title":"Reduced heart rate variability and mortality risk in an elderly cohort. The Framingham Heart Study","volume":"90","author":"Tsuji","year":"1994","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_44","first-page":"299","article-title":"Heart rate variability and myocardial infarction: Systematic literature review and meta-analysis","volume":"13","author":"Buccelletti","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur. Rev. Med. Pharmacol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1016\/j.canep.2013.04.016","article-title":"Norms of vagal nerve activity, indexed by Heart Rate Variability, in cancer patients","volume":"37","author":"Gidron","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychores.2016.08.004","article-title":"Heart rate variability in the prediction of survival in patients with cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"89","author":"Zhou","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Psychosom. Res."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.94.2.122","article-title":"Sex-related differences in autonomic modulation of heart rate in middle-aged subjects","volume":"94","author":"Huikuri","year":"1996","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1161\/01.HYP.32.2.293","article-title":"Reduced heart rate variability and new-onset hypertension: Insights into pathogenesis of hypertension: The Framingham Heart Study","volume":"32","author":"Singh","year":"1998","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2796.2010.02321.x","article-title":"The pulse of inflammation: Heart rate variability, the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway and implications for therapy","volume":"269","author":"Huston","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ehj.2003.12.003","article-title":"Increased heart rate and reduced heart-rate variability are associated with subclinical inflammation in middle-aged and elderly subjects with no apparent heart disease","volume":"25","author":"Sajadieh","year":"2004","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Benichou, T., Pereira, B., Mermillod, M., Tauveron, I., Pfabigan, D., Maqdasy, S., and Dutheil, F. (2018). Heart rate variability in type 2 diabetes mellitus: A systematic review and meta\u2013analysis. PLoS ONE, 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0195166"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gidron, Y., Deschepper, R., De Couck, M., Thayer, J.F., and Velkeniers, B. (2018). The Vagus Nerve Can Predict and Possibly Modulate Non-Communicable Chronic Diseases: Introducing a Neuroimmunological Paradigm to Public Health. J. Clin. Med., 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm7100371"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2019.06.025","article-title":"Inflammation and Cancer: Triggers, Mechanisms, and Consequences","volume":"51","author":"Greten","year":"2019","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1080\/07853890.2016.1226512","article-title":"Heart rate, heart rate variability and inflammatory biomarkers among young and healthy adults","volume":"49","author":"Aeschbacher","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann. Med."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2005.03.044","article-title":"Lower heart rate variability is associated with higher serum high-sensitivity C-reactive protein concentration in healthy individuals aged 46 years or more","volume":"107","author":"Antelmi","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"759.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2008.07.009","article-title":"Decreased heart rate variability is associated with higher levels of inflammation in middle-aged men","volume":"156","author":"Lampert","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.1111\/joim.12295","article-title":"Lower heart rate variability predicts increased level of C-reactive protein 4 years later in healthy, nonsmoking adults","volume":"276","author":"Jarczok","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1407","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-8159.2010.02841.x","article-title":"A Quantitative Systematic Review of Normal Values for Short-Term Heart Rate Variability in Healthy Adults","volume":"33","author":"Nunan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pacing Clin. Electrophysiol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"686","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jelectrocard.2016.06.008","article-title":"Reference ranges for short-term heart rate variability measures in individuals free of cardiovascular disease: The Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA)","volume":"49","author":"Chen","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Electrocardiol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2018.00424","article-title":"Normal Values of Corrected Heart-Rate Variability in 10-Second Electrocardiograms for All Ages","volume":"9","author":"Berg","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1498","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-8159.2011.03178.x","article-title":"The Efficiency of 10-Second Resting Heart Rate for the Evaluation of Short-Term Heart Rate Variability Indices","volume":"34","author":"Nussinovitch","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pacing Clin. Electrophysiol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1317","DOI":"10.1111\/head.12896","article-title":"Non\u2013Invasive Vagus Nerve Stimulation for the ACute Treatment of Cluster Headache: Findings from the Randomized, Double-Blind, Sham-Controlled ACT1 Study","volume":"56","author":"Silberstein","year":"2016","journal-title":"Headache J. Head Face Pain"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000002918","article-title":"Chronic migraine headache prevention with noninvasive vagus nerve stimulation: The EVENT study","volume":"87","author":"Silberstein","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1111\/ner.12398","article-title":"Noninvasive Transcutaneous Vagus Nerve Stimulation Decreases Whole Blood Culture-Derived Cytokines and Chemokines: A Randomized, Blinded, Healthy Control Pilot Trial","volume":"19","author":"Lerman","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neuromodul. Technol. Neural Interface"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacep.2019.11.008","article-title":"TREAT AF (Transcutaneous Electrical Vagus Nerve Stimulation to Suppress Atrial Fibrillation) a randomized clinical trial","volume":"6","author":"Stavrakis","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Electrophysiol."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1007\/s10484-010-9133-y","article-title":"Biofeedback of heart rate variability and related physiology: A critical review","volume":"35","author":"Wheat","year":"2010","journal-title":"Appl. Psychophysiol. Biofeedback"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.5298\/1081-5937-41.3.08","article-title":"Protocol for Heart Rate Variability Biofeedback Training","volume":"41","author":"Lehrer","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biofeedback"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpsycho.2019.02.011","article-title":"How breathing can help you make better decisions: Two studies on the effects of breathing patterns on heart rate variability and decision-making in business cases","volume":"139","author":"Caers","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Psychophysiol."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hamasaki, H. (2020). Effects of Diaphragmatic Breathing on Health: A Narrative Review. Medicines, 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/medicines7100065"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1016\/0272-7358(85)90008-X","article-title":"Blood, breath, and fears: A hyperventilation theory of panic attacks and agoraphobia","volume":"5","author":"Ley","year":"1985","journal-title":"Clin. Psychol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2020.07.006","article-title":"Hyperventilation Syndrome: Why Is It Regularly Overlooked?","volume":"134","author":"Tavel","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104711","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2022.104711","article-title":"Effects of voluntary slow breathing on heart rate and heart rate variability: A systematic review and a meta-analysis","volume":"138","author":"Laborde","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1037\/0278-6133.4.1.25","article-title":"Psychosocial enhancement of immunocompetence in a geriatric population","volume":"4","author":"Glaser","year":"1985","journal-title":"Health Psychol."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1348\/096317910X485458","article-title":"Relaxation-induced cortisol changes within lunch breaks\u2014An experimental longitudinal worksite field study","volume":"84","author":"Krajewski","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Occup. Organ. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0301-0511(02)00010-8","article-title":"The impact of abbreviated progressive muscle relaxation on salivary cortisol","volume":"60","author":"Pawlow","year":"2002","journal-title":"Biol. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1007\/s10484-005-8423-2","article-title":"The Impact of Abbreviated Progressive Muscle Relaxation on Salivary Cortisol and Salivary Immunoglobulin A (sIgA)","volume":"30","author":"Pawlow","year":"2005","journal-title":"Appl. Psychophysiol. Biofeedback"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1007\/s10484-006-9009-3","article-title":"Characteristics of Resonance in Heart Rate Variability Stimulated by Biofeedback","volume":"31","author":"Vaschillo","year":"2006","journal-title":"Appl. Psychophysiol. Biofeedback"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.1134\/S0362119713010040","article-title":"Phase and frequency locking of 0.1-Hz oscillations in heart rate and baroreflex control of blood pressure by breathing of linearly varying frequency as determined in healthy subjects","volume":"39","author":"Karavaev","year":"2013","journal-title":"Hum. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1014587304314","article-title":"Heart Rate Variability Biofeedback as a Method for Assessing Baroreflex Function: A Preliminary Study of Resonance in the Cardiovascular System","volume":"27","author":"Vaschillo","year":"2002","journal-title":"Appl. Psychophysiol. Biofeedback"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1385","DOI":"10.1016\/S0012-3692(15)31329-5","article-title":"Heartbeat Synchronizes with Respiratory Rhythm Only Under Specific Circumstances","volume":"126","author":"Vaschillo","year":"2004","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"756","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2014.00756","article-title":"Heart rate variability biofeedback: How and why does it work?","volume":"5","author":"Lehrer","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.126.2.352","article-title":"Biofeedback Treatment for Asthma","volume":"126","author":"Lehrer","year":"2004","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"H680","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.1987.253.3.H680","article-title":"Hemodynamic fluctuations and baroreflex sensitivity in humans: A beat-to-beat model","volume":"253","author":"Karemaker","year":"1987","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Circ. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2221","DOI":"10.1097\/00004872-200112000-00016","article-title":"Slow breathing reduces chemoreflex response to hypoxia and hypercapnia, and increases baroreflex sensitivity","volume":"19","author":"Bernardi","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Hypertens."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.125.2.683","article-title":"Respiratory sinus arrhythmia: Why does the heartbeat synchronize with respiratory rhythm?","volume":"125","author":"Yasuma","year":"2004","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.5298\/1081-5937-41.1.01","article-title":"The nerve of that disease: The vagus nerve and cardiac rehabilitation","volume":"41","author":"Gevirtz","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biofeedback"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI30555","article-title":"Physiology and immunology of the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway","volume":"117","author":"Tracey","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_88","unstructured":"Purcell, E., Shaffer, F., and Urlakis, M. (2011, January 9\u201312). Brief resonance frequency training can reduce C-reactive protein. History of HRV Research 96 Fall 2013. Biofeedback levels in normals [Abstract]. Presented at the Meeting of the Association for Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback, New Orleans, LA, USA."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2578","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291717001003","article-title":"The effect of heart rate variability biofeedback training on stress and anxiety: A meta-analysis","volume":"47","author":"Goessl","year":"2017","journal-title":"Psychol. Med."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1007\/s10484-020-09466-z","article-title":"Heart Rate Variability Biofeedback Improves Emotional and Physical Health and Performance: A Systematic Review and Meta Analysis","volume":"45","author":"Lehrer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Appl. Psychophysiol. Biofeedback"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6650","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-86149-7","article-title":"A meta-analysis on heart rate variability biofeedback and depressive symptoms","volume":"11","author":"Pizzoli","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102750","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ctim.2021.102750","article-title":"Heart rate variability biofeedback in chronic disease management: A systematic review","volume":"60","author":"Chouchou","year":"2021","journal-title":"Complement. Ther. Med."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-113-4-299","article-title":"Do Corticosteroids Reduce Mortality from Alcoholic Hepatitis?","volume":"113","author":"Imperiale","year":"1990","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brinza, C., Floria, M., Covic, A., Covic, A., Scripcariu, D.-V., and Burlacu, A. (2022). The Usefulness of Assessing Heart Rate Variability in Patients with Acute Myocardial Infarction (HeaRt-V-AMI). Sensors, 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/s22093571"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199901143400207","article-title":"Atherosclerosis is an inflammatory disease","volume":"340","author":"Ross","year":"1999","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"785220","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2021.785220","article-title":"Roles of Macrophages in Atherogenesis","volume":"12","author":"Farahi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1009","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.cdd.4401436","article-title":"Endoplasmic reticulum stress response is involved in nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug-induced apoptosis","volume":"11","author":"Tsutsumi","year":"2004","journal-title":"Cell Death Differ."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brat.2015.05.001","article-title":"Randomized controlled trial of heart rate variability biofeedback in cardiac autonomic and hostility among patients with coronary artery disease","volume":"70","author":"Lin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Behav. Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"936","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2008.11.044","article-title":"The Association of Anger and Hostility with Future Coronary Heart Disease: A Meta-Analytic Review of Prospective Evidence","volume":"53","author":"Chida","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1080\/AC.69.3.3027833","article-title":"Biofeedback on heart rate variability in cardiac rehabilitation: Practical feasibility and psycho-physiological effects","volume":"69","author":"Climov","year":"2014","journal-title":"Acta Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1007\/s12529-021-10000-6","article-title":"Mobile Heart Rate Variability Biofeedback as a Complementary Intervention After Myocardial Infarction: A Randomized Controlled Study","volume":"29","author":"Limmer","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Behav. Med."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1007\/s12529-017-9707-7","article-title":"One-Year Cardiovascular Prognosis of the Randomized, Controlled, Short-Term Heart Rate Variability Biofeedback Among Patients with Coronary Artery Disease","volume":"25","author":"Yu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Behav. Med."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1033","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.109.146233","article-title":"Behavioral neurocardiac training in hypertension: A randomized, controlled trial","volume":"55","author":"Nolan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"ref_104","unstructured":"Schroeder, E.B. (2013). Determinants of the Longitudinal Change in Heart Rate Variability: The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1089\/acm.2010.0607","article-title":"Heart Rate Variability Biofeedback Decreases Blood Pressure in Prehypertensive Subjects by Improving Autonomic Function and Baroreflex","volume":"18","author":"Lin","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Altern. Complement. Med."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1022352631988","article-title":"Biofeedback of R-Wave-to-Pulse Interval Normalizes Blood Pressure","volume":"28","author":"Rau","year":"2003","journal-title":"Appl. Psychophysiol. Biofeedback"},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1237","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1526-4637.2009.00712.x","article-title":"Associations among Pain, PTSD, mTBI, and Heart Rate Variability in Veterans of Operation Enduring and Iraqi Freedom: A Pilot Study","volume":"10","author":"Tan","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pain Med."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110421","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychores.2021.110421","article-title":"Pre-surgical heart-rate variability strongly predicts less post-operative pain in patients with epilepsy","volume":"145","author":"Caton","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Psychosom. Res."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hendrix, J., Nijs, J., Ickmans, K., Godderis, L., Ghosh, M., and Polli, A. (2020). The Interplay between Oxidative Stress, Exercise, and Pain in Health and Disease: Potential Role of Autonomic Regulation and Epigenetic Mechanisms. Antioxidants, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox9111166"},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"981","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00011.2002","article-title":"Beyond Neurons: Evidence That Immune and Glial Cells Contribute to Pathological Pain States","volume":"82","author":"Watkins","year":"2002","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_111","first-page":"581","article-title":"Abnormal sympathovagal balance in men with fibromyalgia","volume":"28","author":"Cohen","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1099","DOI":"10.1097\/AJP.0000000000000071","article-title":"You may need a nerve to treat pain: The neurobiological rationale for vagal nerve activation in pain management","volume":"30","author":"Nijs","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. J. Pain"},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.7453\/gahmj.2013.075","article-title":"Non-pharmacological Intervention for Chronic Pain in Veterans: A Pilot Study of Heart Rate Variability Biofeedback","volume":"3","author":"Berry","year":"2014","journal-title":"Glob. Adv. Health Med."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1007\/s10484-011-9147-0","article-title":"Effects of heart rate variability biofeedback in subjects with stress-related chronic neck pain: A pilot study","volume":"36","author":"Hallman","year":"2011","journal-title":"Appl. Psychophysiol. Biofeedback"},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pedn.2022.06.008","article-title":"Heart Rate Variability biofeedback therapy for children and adolescents with chronic pain: A pilot study","volume":"66","author":"Yetwin","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Nurs."},{"key":"ref_116","first-page":"1515","article-title":"Why we Should Stimulate the Vagus Nerve in Cancer","volume":"3","author":"Caers","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2018.00623","article-title":"Heart Rate Variability as a Prognostic Factor for Cancer Survival\u2014A Systematic Review","volume":"9","author":"Kloter","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_118","first-page":"55","article-title":"Triggering Mechanisms and Inflammatory Effects of Combustion Exhaust Particles with Implication for Carcinogenesis","volume":"121","author":"Refsnes","year":"2016","journal-title":"Basic Clin. Pharmacol. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(04)01431-7","article-title":"Tumour-cell migration, invasion, and metastasis: Navigation by neurotransmitters","volume":"5","author":"Entschladen","year":"2004","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.2147\/HP.S93413","article-title":"The role of hypoxia in cancer progression, angiogenesis, metastasis, and resistance to therapy","volume":"3","author":"Muz","year":"2015","journal-title":"Hypoxia"},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"662","DOI":"10.1038\/s41568-020-0285-7","article-title":"The immune contexture and Immunoscore in cancer prognosis and therapeutic efficacy","volume":"20","author":"Bruni","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvm092","article-title":"Modulation of the myocardial redox state by vagal nerve stimulation after experimental myocardial infarction","volume":"77","author":"Tsutsumi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Res."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12136","DOI":"10.14814\/phy2.12136","article-title":"Afferent vagal nerve stimulation resets baroreflex neural arc and inhibits sympathetic nerve activity","volume":"2","author":"Saku","year":"2014","journal-title":"Physiol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1161\/01.RES.53.1.86","article-title":"Pulmonary vasodilator responses to vagal stimulation and acetylcholine in the cat","volume":"53","author":"Hyman","year":"1983","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_125","first-page":"683","article-title":"Effects of anti-inflammatory vagus nerve stimulation in endotoxemic rats on blood and spleen lymphocyte subsets","volume":"63","author":"Mihaylova","year":"2014","journal-title":"Agents Actions"},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(05)70096-6","article-title":"Does the vagus nerve inform the brain about preclinical tumours and modulate them?","volume":"6","author":"Gidron","year":"2005","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol."},{"key":"ref_127","first-page":"323","article-title":"You may need the vagus nerve to understand pathophysiology and to treat diseases","volume":"122","author":"Mravec","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin. Sci."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10099","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2017.35.15_suppl.10099","article-title":"Use of heart rate variability (HRV) biofeedback for symptom management among cancer survivors","volume":"35","author":"Franco","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1007\/s10484-020-09462-3","article-title":"Symptom Management Among Cancer Survivors: Randomized Pilot Intervention Trial of Heart Rate Variability Biofeedback","volume":"45","author":"Burch","year":"2020","journal-title":"Appl. Psychophysiol. Biofeedback"},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hasuo, H., Kanbara, K., Shizuma, H., Morita, Y., and Fukunaga, M. (2020). Short-term efficacy of home-based heart rate variability biofeedback on sleep disturbance in patients with incurable cancer: A randomised open-label study. BMJ Support. Palliat. Care, 21.","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjspcare-2020-002324"},{"key":"ref_131","first-page":"2009","article-title":"Rehabilitation program combining physical exercise and heart rate variability biofeedback in hematologic patients: A feasibility study","volume":"30","author":"Verkindt","year":"2021","journal-title":"Support. Care Cancer"},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"852","DOI":"10.1089\/acm.2017.0393","article-title":"Heart Variability Biofeedback as Supplementary Care for Brain Cancer: A Feasibility Study","volume":"24","author":"Ozier","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Altern. Complement. Med."},{"key":"ref_133","first-page":"A18","article-title":"The effects of heart-rate variability biofeedback on levels of the tumor marker CEA in metastatic colon cancer: A pilot controlled study","volume":"79","author":"Gidron","year":"2017","journal-title":"Psychosom. Med."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2840-10-24","article-title":"Relationship of autonomic imbalance and circadian disruption with obesity and type 2 diabetes in resistant hypertensive patients","volume":"10","author":"Figueiredo","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Diabetol."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1186\/s12929-016-0303-y","article-title":"Mechanisms of inflammatory responses and development of insulin resistance: How are they interlinked?","volume":"23","author":"Rehman","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Sci."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1111\/cpf.12130","article-title":"Mobile biofeedback of heart rate variability in patients with diabetic polyneuropathy: A preliminary study","volume":"35","author":"Druschky","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. Physiol. Funct. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e75","DOI":"10.2196\/mhealth.7408","article-title":"Incorporation of a Stress Reducing Mobile App in the Care of Patients with Type 2 Diabetes: A Prospective Study","volume":"5","author":"Fuerst","year":"2017","journal-title":"JMIR mHealth uHealth"},{"key":"ref_138","first-page":"80","article-title":"Heart Rate Variability Indexes in Dementia: A Systematic Review with a Quantitative Analysis","volume":"15","author":"Moraes","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Alzheimer Res."},{"key":"ref_139","first-page":"756357","article-title":"A review: Inflammatory process in Alzheimer\u2019s disease, role of cytokines","volume":"2012","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sci. World J."},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S127","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1447-0594.2010.00592.x","article-title":"Aging of the autonomic nervous system and possible improvements in autonomic activity using somatic afferent stimulation","volume":"10","author":"Hotta","year":"2010","journal-title":"Geriatr. Gerontol. Int."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2020.00040","article-title":"Autonomic Nervous System and Cognitive Impairment in Older Patients: Evidence from Long-Term Heart Rate Variability in Real-Life Setting","volume":"12","author":"Dalise","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Aging Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-psych-113011-143750","article-title":"Executive functions","volume":"64","author":"Diamond","year":"2013","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1006\/cogp.1999.0734","article-title":"The Unity and Diversity of Executive Functions and Their Contributions to Complex \u201cFrontal Lobe\u201d Tasks: A Latent Variable Analysis","volume":"41","author":"Miyake","year":"2000","journal-title":"Cogn. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1028","DOI":"10.1080\/13607863.2019.1584785","article-title":"Executive functions in the elderly with mild cognitive impairment: A systematic review on motor and cognitive inhibition, conflict control and cognitive flexibility","volume":"24","author":"Guarino","year":"2019","journal-title":"Aging Ment. Health"},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1447-0594.2008.00456.x","article-title":"Cardiac sympathovagal modulation evaluated by short-term heart interval variability is subtly impaired in Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"8","author":"Junqueira","year":"2008","journal-title":"Geriatr. Gerontol. Int."},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0404.1995.tb05836.x","article-title":"Autonomic dysfunction in Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"91","author":"Algotsson","year":"1995","journal-title":"Acta Neurol. Scand."},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-160084","article-title":"Heart Rate Spectra Confirm the Presence of Autonomic Dysfunction in Dementia Patients","volume":"54","author":"Struhal","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Alzheimer\u2019s Dis."},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2135","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.2005.00508.x","article-title":"QT dispersion and heart rate variability abnormalities in Alzheimer\u2019s disease and in mild cognitive impairment","volume":"53","author":"Zulli","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Am. Geriatr. Soc."},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1007\/s41465-021-00218-3","article-title":"Does Heart Rate Variability Biofeedback Enhance Executive Functions Across the Lifespan? A Systematic Review","volume":"6","author":"Tinello","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Cogn. Enhanc."},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"574","DOI":"10.1080\/13607863.2018.1432031","article-title":"Heart rate variability biofeedback: Implications for cognitive and psychiatric effects in older adults","volume":"23","author":"Jester","year":"2018","journal-title":"Aging Ment. Health"},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1016\/S0094-1298(20)30618-0","article-title":"Immune Aspects of Wound Repair","volume":"17","author":"Barbul","year":"1990","journal-title":"Clin. Plast. Surg."},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03402177","article-title":"The Cholinergic Anti-inflammatory Pathway: A Missing Link in Neuroimmunomodulation","volume":"9","author":"Pavlov","year":"2003","journal-title":"Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_153","unstructured":"Gitler, A. (2021). Does Pre-Operative Vagal Activity Predict Clinical Outcomes after Total Knee Replacement?. [Master\u2019s Thesis, University of Haifa]. Available online: https:\/\/haifa.alma.exlibrisgroup.com\/discovery\/delivery\/972HAI_MAIN:AlmaGeneralView\/12258677330002791."}],"container-title":["Journal of Clinical Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/11\/19\/5927\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T00:47:58Z","timestamp":1760143678000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/11\/19\/5927"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,8]]},"references-count":153,"journal-issue":{"issue":"19","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10]]}},"alternative-id":["jcm11195927"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm11195927","relation":{},"ISSN":["2077-0383"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2077-0383","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,8]]}}}