{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,8]],"date-time":"2026-04-08T15:33:56Z","timestamp":1775662436378,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":153,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"20","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,11]],"date-time":"2022-10-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1665446400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Ischemic stroke (IS), the leading cause of death and disability worldwide, is caused by many modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors. This complex disease is also known for its multiple etiologies with moderate heritability. Polygenic risk scores (PRSs), which have been used to establish a common genetic basis for IS, may contribute to IS risk stratification for disease\/outcome prediction and personalized management. Statistical modeling and machine learning algorithms have contributed significantly to this field. For instance, multiple algorithms have been successfully applied to PRS construction and integration of genetic and non-genetic features for outcome prediction to aid in risk stratification for personalized management and prevention measures. PRS derived from variants with effect size estimated based on the summary statistics of a specific subtype shows a stronger association with the matched subtype. The disruption of the extracellular matrix and amyloidosis account for the pathogenesis of cerebral small vessel disease (CSVD). Pathway-specific PRS analyses confirm known and identify novel etiologies related to IS. Some of these specific PRSs (e.g., derived from endothelial cell apoptosis pathway) individually contribute to post-IS mortality and, together with clinical risk factors, better predict post-IS mortality. In this review, we summarize the genetic basis of IS, emphasizing the application of methodologies and algorithms used to construct PRSs and integrate genetics into risk models.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11205980","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,11]],"date-time":"2022-10-11T06:13:27Z","timestamp":1665468807000},"page":"5980","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Dissecting Polygenic Etiology of Ischemic Stroke in the Era of Precision Medicine"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7006-1285","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jiang","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular and Functional Genomics, Weis Center for Research, Geisinger Health System, Danville, PA 17822, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7689-933X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vida","family":"Abedi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health Sciences, College of Medicine, The Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA 17033, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ramin","family":"Zand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, The Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA 17033, USA"},{"name":"Neuroscience Institute, Geisinger Health System, 100 North Academy Avenue, Danville, PA 17822, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3161","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.112.665760","article-title":"Genetic heritability of ischemic stroke and the contribution of previously reported candidate gene and genomewide associations","volume":"43","author":"Bevan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2016.5815","article-title":"Assessment of the Predictive Validity of Etiologic Stroke Classification","volume":"74","author":"Arsava","year":"2017","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3940(00)00875-2","article-title":"Detection of complement factor B in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy disease using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and mass spectrometry","volume":"282","author":"Unlu","year":"2000","journal-title":"Neurosci. 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