{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,2]],"date-time":"2025-11-02T08:07:32Z","timestamp":1762070852841,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"20","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,11]],"date-time":"2022-10-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1665446400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Lung ultrasound (LUS) is gaining consensus as a non-invasive diagnostic imaging method for the evaluation of pulmonary disease in children. Aim: To clarify what type of artifacts (e.g., B-lines, pleural irregularity) can be defined normal LUS findings in children and to evaluate the differences in children who did not experience COVID-19 and in those with recent, not severe, previous COVID-19. Methods: LUS was performed according to standardized protocols. Different patterns of normality were defined: pattern 1: no plural irregularity and no B-lines; pattern 2: only mild basal posterior plural irregularity and no B-lines; pattern 3: mild posterior basal\/para-spine\/apical pleural irregularity and no B-lines; pattern 4: like pattern 3 plus rare B-lines; pattern 5: mild, diffuse short subpleural vertical artifacts and rare B-lines; pattern 6: mild, diffuse short subpleural vertical artifacts and limited B-lines; pattern 7: like pattern 6 plus minimal subpleural atelectasis. Coalescent B-lines, consolidations, or effusion were considered pathological. Results: Overall, 459 healthy children were prospectively recruited (mean age 10.564 \u00b1 3.839 years). Children were divided into two groups: group 1 (n = 336), those who had not had COVID-19 infection, and group 2 (n = 123), those who experienced COVID-19 infection. Children with previous COVID-19 had higher values of LUS score than those who had not (p = 0.0002). Children with asymptomatic COVID-19 had similar LUS score as those who did not have infections (p &gt; 0.05), while those who had symptoms showed higher LUS score than those who had not shown symptoms (p = 0.0228). Conclusions: We report the pattern of normality for LUS examination in children. We also showed that otherwise healthy children who recovered from COVID-19 and even those who were mildly symptomatic had more \u201cphysiological\u201d artifacts at LUS examinations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11205999","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,11]],"date-time":"2022-10-11T22:18:13Z","timestamp":1665526693000},"page":"5999","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Lung Ultrasound Findings in Healthy Children and in Those Who Had Recent, Not Severe COVID-19 Infection"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Massimiliano","family":"Cantinotti","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Fondazione G. Monasterio CNR-Regione Toscana, 54100 Massa, Italy"},{"name":"Institute of Clinical Physiology, 56127 Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4801-608X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pietro","family":"Marchese","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fondazione G. Monasterio CNR-Regione Toscana, 54100 Massa, Italy"},{"name":"Institute of Life Sciences, Scuola Superiore Sant\u2019Anna, 56127 Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nadia","family":"Assanta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fondazione G. Monasterio CNR-Regione Toscana, 54100 Massa, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8625-7450","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alessandra","family":"Pizzuto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fondazione G. Monasterio CNR-Regione Toscana, 54100 Massa, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Giulia","family":"Corana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fondazione G. Monasterio CNR-Regione Toscana, 54100 Massa, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6342-7843","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Santoro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fondazione G. Monasterio CNR-Regione Toscana, 54100 Massa, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eliana","family":"Franchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fondazione G. Monasterio CNR-Regione Toscana, 54100 Massa, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cecilia","family":"Viacava","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fondazione G. Monasterio CNR-Regione Toscana, 54100 Massa, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5606-376X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jef","family":"Van den Eynde","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, KU Leuven, 3010 Leuven, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shelby","family":"Kutty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Helen B. Taussig Heart Center, Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Luna","family":"Gargani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiothoracic Department, University of Pisa, 56127 Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Raffaele","family":"Giordano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Adult and Pediatric Cardiac Surgery, Department Advanced Biomedical Sciences, University of Naples \u201cFederico II\u201d, 80131 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1003","DOI":"10.1080\/14767058.2021.1940943","article-title":"Specification and guideline for technical aspects and scanning parameter settings of neonatal lung ultrasound examination","volume":"35","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. 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