{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,4]],"date-time":"2026-07-04T01:04:36Z","timestamp":1783127076445,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":164,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"20","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,11]],"date-time":"2022-10-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1665446400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>(1) Background: Bicuspid aortic valve (BAV) is the most frequent congenital cardiac disease. Alteration of ascending aorta diameter is a consequence of shear stress alterations due to haemodynamic abnormalities developed from inadequate valve cusp coaptation. (2) Objective: This narrative review aims to discuss anatomical, pathophysiological, genetical, ultrasound, and radiological aspects of BAV disease, focusing on BAV classification related to imaging patterns and flux models involved in the onset and developing vessel dilatation. (3) Methods: A comprehensive search strategy was implemented in PubMed from January to May 2022. English language articles were selected independently by two authors and screened according to the following criteria. (4) Key Contents and Findings: Ultrasound scan is the primary step in the diagnostic flowchart identifying structural and doppler patterns of the valve. Computed tomography determines aortic vessel dimensions according to the anatomo-pathology of the valve. Magnetic resonance identifies hemodynamic alterations. New classifications and surgical indications derive from these diagnostic features. Currently, indications correlate morphological results, dissection risk factors, and genetic alterations. Surgical options vary from aortic valve and aortic vessel substitution to aortic valve repair according to the morphology of the valve. In selected patients, transcatheter aortic valve replacement has an even more impact on the treatment choice. (5) Conclusions: Different imaging approaches are an essential part of BAV diagnosis. Morphological classifications influence the surgical outcome.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11206002","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,11]],"date-time":"2022-10-11T22:18:13Z","timestamp":1665526693000},"page":"6002","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Patients with Bicuspid Aortopathy and Aortic Dilatation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9705-5360","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesco","family":"Nappi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiac Surgery, Centre Cardiologique du Nord, 93200 Saint-Denis, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Omar","family":"Giacinto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Universit\u00e0 Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, 00128 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mario","family":"Lusini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Universit\u00e0 Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, 00128 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6308-975X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marialuisa","family":"Garo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Universit\u00e0 Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, 00128 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claudio","family":"Caponio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Universit\u00e0 Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, 00128 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4069-6781","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonio","family":"Nenna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Universit\u00e0 Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, 00128 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pierluigi","family":"Nappi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, 98122 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juliette","family":"Rousseau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiac Surgery, Centre Cardiologique du Nord, 93200 Saint-Denis, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cristiano","family":"Spadaccio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiac Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital & Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8178-7068","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Massimo","family":"Chello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Universit\u00e0 Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, 00128 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1136\/heart.83.1.81","article-title":"Clinical significance of the bicuspid aortic valve","volume":"83","author":"Ward","year":"2000","journal-title":"Heart"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1317","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.300.11.1317","article-title":"Outcomes in adults with bicuspid aortic valves","volume":"300","author":"Tzemos","year":"2008","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2004.10.036","article-title":"The prevalence of bicuspid aortic valve in newborns by echocardiographic screening","volume":"150","author":"Tutar","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am. 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