{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,15]],"date-time":"2026-06-15T07:24:48Z","timestamp":1781508288633,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"20","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,12]],"date-time":"2022-10-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1665532800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Hyperinsulinaemic hypoglycaemia (HH) is the most common cause of persistent hypoglycaemia in infants and children with incidence estimated at 1 per 50,000 live births. Congenital hyperinsulinism (CHI) is symptomatic mostly in early infancy and the neonatal period. Symptoms range from ones that are unspecific, such as poor feeding, lethargy, irritability, apnoea and hypothermia, to more serious symptoms, such as seizures and coma. During clinical examination, newborns present cardiomyopathy and hepatomegaly. The diagnosis of CHI is based on plasma glucose levels &lt;54 mg\/dL with detectable serum insulin and C-peptide, accompanied by suppressed or low serum ketone bodies and free fatty acids. The gold standard in determining the form of HH is fluorine-18-dihydroxyphenyloalanine PET ((18)F-DOPA PET). The first-line treatment of CHI is diazoxide, although patients with homozygous or compound heterozygous recessive mutations responsible for diffuse forms of CHI remain resistant to this therapy. The second-line drug is the somatostatin analogue octreotide. Other therapeutic options include lanreotide, glucagon, acarbose, sirolimus and everolimus. Surgery is required in cases unresponsive to pharmacological treatment. Focal lesionectomy or near-total pancreatectomy is performed in focal and diffuse forms of CHI, respectively. To prove how difficult the diagnosis and management of CHI is, we present a case of a patient admitted to our hospital.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11206020","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,12]],"date-time":"2022-10-12T20:53:29Z","timestamp":1665608009000},"page":"6020","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Congenital Hyperinsulinaemic Hypoglycaemia\u2014A Review and Case Presentation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Sylwia","family":"Krawczyk","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatric Endocrinology and Diabetology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8432-7232","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karolina","family":"Urbanska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatric Endocrinology and Diabetology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8539-818X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Natalia","family":"Biel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatric Endocrinology and Diabetology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0899-8069","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michal Jakub","family":"Bielak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatric Endocrinology and Diabetology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9369-4213","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Agata","family":"Tarkowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neonate and Infant Pathology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Piekarski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatric Endocrinology and Diabetology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrzej Igor","family":"Prokurat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatric Surgery, Regional Children\u2019s Hospital in Bydgoszcz, 85-667 Bydgoszcz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Malgorzata","family":"Pacholska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatric Surgery, Regional Children\u2019s Hospital in Bydgoszcz, 85-667 Bydgoszcz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3003-8507","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Iwona","family":"Ben-Skowronek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatric Endocrinology and Diabetology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1007\/s10545-011-9441-2","article-title":"Hyperinsulinaemic Hypoglycaemia: Genetic Mechanisms, Diagnosis and Management","volume":"35","author":"Senniappan","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. 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