{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,10]],"date-time":"2026-07-10T11:59:21Z","timestamp":1783684761573,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"20","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,12]],"date-time":"2022-10-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1665532800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Long-term follow-up studies of COVID-19 olfactory and gustatory disorders (OGDs) are scarce. OGD, parosmia, and dysgeusia affect health-related quality of life (HRQoL) and the ability to detect potential hazards. Methods: In this study, 29 patients reporting OGD 1 month after severe-to-critical COVID-19 were tested at 3\u20136 months and retested at 12 months in case of hyposmia\/anosmia. We used Sniffin Sticks Threshold, Discrimination, and Identification (TDI) test, Sniffin Sticks Identification Test (SIT16), Brief Smell Identification Test (BSIT), taste strips, and HRQoL. The patients were part of the prospective SECURe cohort. Results: Overall, 28% OD (TDI), 12% GD, 24% parosmia, and 24% dysgeusia (questionnaire) at 3\u20136 months (n = 29) and 28% OD (TDI), 38% parosmia, and 25% dysgeusia (questionnaire) at 12 months (n = 8) were observed. OGD decreased HRQoL: For 13%, it had a negative effect on daily life and, for 17%, it affected nutrition, 17% reported decreased mood, and 87\u201390% felt unable to navigate everyday life using their sense of smell and taste. A comparison of SIT16 and BSIT to TDI found sensitivity\/specificity values of 75%\/100% and 88%\/86%. Conclusions: This is the first study to examine TDI, SIT16, BSIT, taste strips, and HRQoL up to 1 year after severe-to-critical COVID-19. The patients suffering from prolonged OGD, parosmia, and dysgeusia experienced severely decreasing HRQoL. We recommend including ear\u2013nose\u2013throat specialists in multidisciplinary post-COVID clinics.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11206025","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,12]],"date-time":"2022-10-12T20:53:29Z","timestamp":1665608009000},"page":"6025","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Olfactory and Gustatory Outcomes Including Health-Related Quality of Life 3\u20136 and 12 Months after Severe-to-Critical COVID-19: A SECURe Prospective Cohort Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7858-5684","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elisabeth","family":"Arndal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery and Audiology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anne-Mette","family":"Lebech","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3187-0597","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daria","family":"Podlekarava","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jann","family":"Mortensen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1114-7465","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jan","family":"Christensen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Occupational- and Physiotherapy, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Frederikke F.","family":"R\u00f6nsholt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Rigshospitalet, Section for Lung Transplantation, Copenhagen University Hospital, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8987-3136","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thomas Kromann","family":"Lund","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Rigshospitalet, Section for Lung Transplantation, Copenhagen University Hospital, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Terese L.","family":"Katzenstein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6753-8129","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christian","family":"von Buchwald","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery and Audiology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"865","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.29286","article-title":"Prevalence of Olfactory Dysfunction in Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19): A Meta-analysis of 27,492 Patients","volume":"131","author":"Saniasiaya","year":"2021","journal-title":"Laryngoscope"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102581","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjoto.2020.102581","article-title":"COVID-19 and anosmia: A review based on up-to-date knowledge","volume":"41","author":"Meng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. 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