{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T22:43:52Z","timestamp":1790635432914,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":141,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"20","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,18]],"date-time":"2022-10-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1666051200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>An outbreak of a potentially fatal form of pneumonia in 1976 and in the annual convention of the American Legion was the first time that Legionella spp. was identified. Thereafter, the term Legionnaires\u2019 disease (LD) was established. The infection in humans is transmitted by the inhalation of aerosols that contain the microorganisms that belong to the Legionellaceae family and the genus Legionella. The genus Legionella contains genetically heterogeneous species and serogroups. The Legionella pneumophila serogroup 1 (Lp1) is the most often detected strain in outbreaks of LD. The pathogenesis of LD infection initiates with the attachment of the bacterial cells to the host cells, and subsequent intracellular replication. Following invasion, Legionella spp. activates its virulence mechanisms: generation of specific compartments of Legionella-containing vacuole (LCV), and expression of genes that encode a type IV secretion system (T4SS) for the translocation of proteins. The ability of L. pneumophila to transmigrate across the lung\u2019s epithelium barrier leads to bacteremia, spread, and invasion of many organs with subsequent manifestations, complications, and septic shock. The clinical manifestations of LD depend on the bacterial load in the aerosol, the virulence factors, and the immune status of the patient. The infection has two distinct forms: the non- pneumatic form or Pontiac fever, which is a milder febrile flu-like illness, and LD, a more severe form, which includes pneumonia. In addition, the extrapulmonary involvement of LD can include heart, brain, abdomen, and joints.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11206126","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,19]],"date-time":"2022-10-19T00:58:51Z","timestamp":1666141131000},"page":"6126","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":43,"title":["Legionella pneumophila: The Journey from the Environment to the Blood"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Valeria","family":"Iliadi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Izhevsk State Medical Academy, Kommunarov Street 281, 426034 Izhevsk, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeni","family":"Staykova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Public Health, Medical University of Sofia, Byalo More Str. 8, 1527 Sofia, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sergios","family":"Iliadis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Izhevsk State Medical Academy, Kommunarov Street 281, 426034 Izhevsk, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ina","family":"Konstantinidou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical School, University of Patras, Rio, 26504 Patras, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Polina","family":"Sivykh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Budgetary Health City Polyclinic No 2 (GBUZ GB2) of Krasnodar, Seleznev Street 4\/10, 350059 Krasnodar, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gioulia","family":"Romanidou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nephrology Department, General Hospital \u201cSismanogleio\u201d, 69100 Komotini, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniil F.","family":"Vardikov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Russian Research Center for Radiology and Surgical Technologies of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Tkachey Str. 70-16, 192029 St. Petersburg, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dimitrios","family":"Cassimos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Department, Democritus University of Thrace, 68100 Alexandroupolis, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4296-3414","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Theocharis G.","family":"Konstantinidis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Blood Transfusion Center, University General Hospital of Alexandroupolis Dragana Campus, 68100 Alexandroupolis, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1197","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM197712012972202","article-title":"Legionnaires\u2019 Disease: Isolation of a Bacterium and Demonstration of Its Role in Other Respiratory Disease","volume":"297","author":"McDade","year":"1977","journal-title":"N. 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