{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,3]],"date-time":"2026-05-03T14:01:59Z","timestamp":1777816919895,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"20","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,19]],"date-time":"2022-10-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1666137600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: To investigate the efficacy interval of the topical therapies available for primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) and the ocular and systemic features potentially associated. Methods: This retrospective study included 190 patients with POAG undergoing first topical therapy, throughout a follow-up of 15 years. The patients started one topical intraocular pressure (IOP)-lowering drug within single molecules such betablockers, prostaglandin or dorzolamide, or fixed combinations such as betablockers + prostaglandin, betablockers + dorzolamide, or betablockers + brimonidine. Efficacy duration was measured as the time between the start of the therapy and the change due to IOP increase or visual field worsening. For each patient, ocular and systemic features and comorbidities were analysed to detect any significant correlation with the length of effectiveness of every drug used. Results: The molecules explored showed some discrepancies in terms of mean duration of efficacy; however, no significant differences were demonstrated (p &gt; 0.05). Furthermore, when evaluating the overall cohort, no systemic or ocular features correlated significantly with the effectiveness of the molecules explored. However, the same analysis carried out upon stratifying the different groups according to the IOP-lowering drops they received, demonstrated that the drug efficacy could be influenced by several ocular and systemic features. Conclusion: Data observed in this study suggest that there is no difference in using one of the medications evaluated as first choice of treatment of POAG if the patients are accurately evaluated and the most recent guidelines are adopted.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11206166","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,19]],"date-time":"2022-10-19T22:19:53Z","timestamp":1666217993000},"page":"6166","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Evaluation of the Efficacy Duration of Topical Therapies in Eyes with Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1578-7155","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michele","family":"Lanza","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Specialit\u00e0 Mediche, Chirurgiche ed Odontoiatriche, Universit\u00e0 della Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, 80131 Napoli, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Angelo","family":"Leone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Specialit\u00e0 Mediche, Chirurgiche ed Odontoiatriche, Universit\u00e0 della Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, 80131 Napoli, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gabriele","family":"Scognamiglio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Specialit\u00e0 Mediche, Chirurgiche ed Odontoiatriche, Universit\u00e0 della Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, 80131 Napoli, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9484-5060","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luigi","family":"Serra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Specialit\u00e0 Mediche, Chirurgiche ed Odontoiatriche, Universit\u00e0 della Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, 80131 Napoli, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Clemente Maria","family":"Iodice","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Specialit\u00e0 Mediche, Chirurgiche ed Odontoiatriche, Universit\u00e0 della Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, 80131 Napoli, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6519-0293","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paolo","family":"Melillo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Specialit\u00e0 Mediche, Chirurgiche ed Odontoiatriche, Universit\u00e0 della Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, 80131 Napoli, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Francesca","family":"Simonelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Specialit\u00e0 Mediche, Chirurgiche ed Odontoiatriche, Universit\u00e0 della Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, 80131 Napoli, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Vision Loss Expert Group of the Global Burden of Disease Study (2020). Causes of blindness and vision impairment in 2020 and trends over 30 years: Evaluating the prevalence of avoidable blindness in relation to \u201cVISION 2020: The Right to Sight\u201d. Lancet Glob. Health, 9, e408."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.2165\/00002512-200825090-00002","article-title":"Pharmacological management of primary open-angle glaucoma: Second-line options and beyond","volume":"25","author":"Webers","year":"2008","journal-title":"Drugs Aging"},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Prum, B.E., Rosenberg, L.F., and Gedde, S.J. (2005). Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma. Preferred Practice Pattern, American Academy of Ophthalmology."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1541","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2013.01.043","article-title":"Prevalence and severity of undetected manifest glaucoma: Results from the early manifest glaucoma trial screening","volume":"120","author":"Heijl","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.120.6.701","article-title":"The Ocular Hypertension Treatment Study: A randomized trial determines that topical ocular hypotensive medication delays or prevents the onset of primary open-angle glaucoma","volume":"120","author":"Kass","year":"2002","journal-title":"Arch. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1943","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(01)00873-9","article-title":"Interim clinical outcomes in the Collaborative Initial Glaucoma Treatment Study comparing initial treatment randomized to medications or surgery","volume":"108","author":"Lichter","year":"2001","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"AGIS Investigators (2000). The Advanced Glaucoma Intervention Study (AGIS): 7. The relationship between control of intraocular pressure and visual field deterioration. Am. J. Ophthalmol., 130, 429\u2013440.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9394(00)00538-9"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2067","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2010.03.024","article-title":"The intraocular pressure-lowering effect of prostaglandin analogs combined with topical \u03b2-blocker therapy: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"117","author":"Webers","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2020.07.046","article-title":"Laser Trabeculoplasty for Open-Angle Glaucoma: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-Analysis","volume":"229","author":"Zhou","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2020.06.051","article-title":"Trends in Glaucoma Surgeries Performed by Glaucoma Subspecialists versus Nonsubspecialists on Medicare Beneficiaries from 2008 through 2016","volume":"128","author":"Rathi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1710","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2021.05.023","article-title":"Ab-Externo MicroShunt versus Trabeculectomy in Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma: One-Year Results from a 2-Year Randomized, Multicenter Study","volume":"128","author":"Baker","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2102","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clintera.2004.12.007","article-title":"Gold standard medical therapy for glaucoma: Defining the criteria identifying measures for an evidence-based analysis","volume":"26","author":"Obstbaum","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin. Ther."},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"Stedman, T.L. (2000). Stedman\u2019s Medical Dictionary, Lippincott, Williams, and Wilkins. [27th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1016\/0039-6257(83)90138-8","article-title":"Shortterm \u201cescape\u201d and longterm \u201cdrift\u201d. The dissipation effects of the beta adrenergic blocking agents","volume":"28","author":"Boger","year":"1983","journal-title":"Surv. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1743","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(95)30798-1","article-title":"Effects on intraocular pressure and side effects of 0.005% latanoprost applied once daily, evening or morning. A comparison with timolol. Scandinavian Latanoprost Study Group","volume":"102","author":"Alm","year":"1995","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S149","DOI":"10.1016\/0039-6257(94)90059-0","article-title":"Longterm effect of topical beta-blockers on intraocular pressure and visual field sensitivity in ocular hypertension and chronic open-angle glaucoma","volume":"38","year":"1994","journal-title":"Surv. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1007\/s10384-019-00673-8","article-title":"Comparison of different combinations of maximum medical therapy for lowering intraocular pressure in primary open angle glaucoma: 12-month retrospective consecutive case series","volume":"63","author":"Joh","year":"2019","journal-title":"Jpn. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1984.01040030026028","article-title":"Betaxolol and timolol. A comparison of efficacy and side effects","volume":"102","author":"Berry","year":"1984","journal-title":"Arch. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"(2021). European Glaucoma Society Terminology and Guidelines for Glaucoma, 5th Edition. Br. J. Ophthalmol., 105, 1\u2013169."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"(2005). The European Glaucoma Prevention Study (EGPS) Group. Results of the European Glaucoma Prevention Study. Ophthalmology, 112, 366\u2013375.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2004.11.030"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1268","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.120.10.1268","article-title":"Reduction of intraocular pressure and glaucoma progression: Results from the Early Manifest Glaucoma Trial","volume":"120","author":"Heijl","year":"2002","journal-title":"Arch. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1097\/00055735-200304000-00010","article-title":"Collaborative Initial Glaucoma Treatment Study: A summary of results to date","volume":"14","author":"Feiner","year":"2003","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Collaborative Normal-Tension Glaucoma Study Group (1998). Comparison of glaucomatous progression between untreated patients with normal-tension glaucoma and patients with therapeutically reduced intraocular pressures. Am. J. Ophthalmol., 126, 487\u2013497.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9394(98)00223-2"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Canadian Ophthalmological Society Glaucoma Clinical Practice Guideline Expert Committee, and Canadian Ophthalmological Society (2009). Canadian Ophthalmological Society evidence-based clinical practice guidelines for the management of glaucoma in the adult eye. Can. J. Ophthalmol., 44, S7\u2013S93.","DOI":"10.3129\/i09.080"},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"CD003167","article-title":"Medical interventions for primary open angle glaucoma and ocular hypertension","volume":"17","author":"Vass","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ogla.2021.01.007","article-title":"What Do We Really Know about the Effectiveness of Glaucoma Interventions? An Overview of Systematic Reviews","volume":"4","author":"Qureshi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ophthalmol. Glaucoma"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1097\/00061198-200310000-00001","article-title":"Compliance barriers in glaucoma: A systematic classification","volume":"12","author":"Tsai","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Glaucoma"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra050100","article-title":"Adherence to medication","volume":"353","author":"Osterberg","year":"2005","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."}],"container-title":["Journal of Clinical Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/11\/20\/6166\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T00:57:19Z","timestamp":1760144239000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/11\/20\/6166"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,19]]},"references-count":28,"journal-issue":{"issue":"20","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10]]}},"alternative-id":["jcm11206166"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm11206166","relation":{},"ISSN":["2077-0383"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2077-0383","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,19]]}}}