{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T02:32:44Z","timestamp":1790303564880,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"20","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,19]],"date-time":"2022-10-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1666137600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF)","award":["2018R1A2B2007997"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018R1A2B2007997"]}]},{"name":"National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF)","award":["2022R1A5A1022977"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022R1A5A1022977"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"Korean government","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2018R1A2B2007997"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018R1A2B2007997"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"Korean government","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022R1A5A1022977"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022R1A5A1022977"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This observational study investigated the changes in choroidal thickness (ChT) in different patterns of diabetic macular edema (DME) based on image processing using enhanced-depth imaging spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (EDI-SD-OCT). Participants with ocular conditions affecting the fundus view, including retinal diseases, were excluded. After observing the patient\u2019s medical record, multicolor fundus photos, thickness maps, and subtypes of DME were diagnosed according to the criteria reported by the Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study (ETDRS). Edema was classified as focal or diffuse and was subdivided into cystic macular edema (CME), CME with subretinal fluid (CME+), and spongy macular edema (SME). Image processing was performed on the B-scan images from SD-OCT to segment the choroid layer and obtain the choroid thickness. A total of 159 eyes of 81 patients (46 males and 35 females; 57.53 \u00b1 9.78 years of age), and 57 eyes of 30 healthy individuals (age 57.34 \u00b1 8.76 years) were enrolled in this study. Out of 159 eyes, 76 had focal macular edema (FME), 13 exhibited SME, and 51 presented CME. Among those with cystic macular edema, 19 eyes showed subretinal fluid (CME+). The average choroidal thickness in FME, diffuse SME, CME, and CME+ was 216.95 \u00b1 52.94 \u00b5m, 243.00 \u00b1 46.34 \u00b5m, 221.38 \u00b1 60.78 \u00b5m, and 249.63 \u00b1 53.90 \u00b5m, respectively. The average choroidal thickness in age-matched controls was 213.88 \u00b1 45.60 \u00b5m. Choroidal thickness increases with the severity of edema; choroidal thickness was higher in diffuse macular edema than in FME. However, choroidal thickness increased in cystic macular edema with subretinal fluid (CME+).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11206169","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,19]],"date-time":"2022-10-19T22:19:53Z","timestamp":1666217993000},"page":"6169","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Choroidal Thickness in Different Patterns of Diabetic Macular Edema"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9862-6738","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rida","family":"Amjad","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Retina, Amanat Eye Hospital, Rawalpindi 46000, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4121-2857","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cheong-Ah","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ocean & Biomedical Ultrasound Laboratory, Department of Ocean System Engineering, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1735-5911","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hafiz Muhammad Umer","family":"Farooqi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ocean & Biomedical Ultrasound Laboratory, Department of Ocean System Engineering, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hina","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Retina, Amanat Eye Hospital, Rawalpindi 46000, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5106-3747","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dong-Guk","family":"Paeng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ocean & Biomedical Ultrasound Laboratory, Department of Ocean System Engineering, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1736","DOI":"10.4103\/ijo.IJO_1240_18","article-title":"Diabetic macular edema: Evidence-based management","volume":"66","author":"Browning","year":"2018","journal-title":"Indian J. 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