{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T22:50:31Z","timestamp":1790895031878,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":156,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"20","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,20]],"date-time":"2022-10-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1666224000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Student Research Committee, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran","award":["1400\/62964"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1400\/62964"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: COVID-19 is a viral infectious disease leading to a spectrum of clinical complications, especially cardiovascular. Evidence shows that this infection can potentially accompany a worse outcome in pregnant women. Cardiovascular complications in mothers and their fetuses are reported by previous studies. Objective: In this systematic review, we aim to investigate the cardiovascular complications of COVID-19 during pregnancy in the mothers and fetus, according to the published literature. Method: We systematically searched the online databases of PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar, using relevant keywords up to April 2022. We included all observational studies reporting cardiovascular complications among COVID-19-affected pregnant women and their fetuses. Results: We included 74 studies containing 47582 pregnant COVID-19 cases. Pre-eclampsia, hypertensive disorders, cardiomyopathy, heart failure, myocardial infarction, thrombosis formation, alterations in maternal\u2013fetal Doppler patterns, and maternal and fetal arrhythmia were reported as cardiovascular complications. The highest incidences of pre-eclampsia\/eclampsia among COVID-19 pregnant cases, reported by studies, were 69% and 62%, and the lowest were 0.5% and 3%. The highest and lowest incidences of fetal bradycardia were 20% and 3%, and regarding fetal tachycardia, 5.4% and 1%, respectively. Conclusion: SARS-CoV-2 infection during pregnancy can potentially be associated with cardiovascular complications in the mother, particularly pre-eclampsia and heart failure. Moreover, SARS-CoV-2 infection during pregnancy can potentially cause cardiovascular complications in the fetus, particularly arrhythmia.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11206194","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,20]],"date-time":"2022-10-20T22:49:46Z","timestamp":1666306186000},"page":"6194","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Cardiovascular Complications of COVID-19 among Pregnant Women and Their Fetuses: A Systematic Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8904-6229","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shirin","family":"Yaghoobpoor","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mobina","family":"Fathi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kimia","family":"Vakili","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zohreh","family":"Tutunchian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9998-2267","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mina","family":"Dehghani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2158-2567","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ashkan","family":"Bahrami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Kashan University of Medical Science, Kashan, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ramtin","family":"Hajibeygi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samira","family":"Eslami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Firoozgar Hospital, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tina","family":"Yaghoobpour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammadreza","family":"Hajiesmaeili","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Anesthesia and Critical Care Department, Critical Care Quality Improvement Research Center, Loghman Hakim Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1545","DOI":"10.1007\/s11606-020-05762-w","article-title":"Review of the Clinical Characteristics of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)","volume":"35","author":"Jiang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Gen. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.25757","article-title":"COVID-19 patients\u2019 clinical characteristics, discharge rate, and fatality rate of meta-analysis","volume":"92","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Med. Virol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1038\/s41569-020-0360-5","article-title":"COVID-19 and the cardiovascular system","volume":"17","author":"Zheng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2163","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc2009316","article-title":"Universal Screening for SARS-CoV-2 in Women Admitted for Delivery","volume":"382","author":"Sutton","year":"2020","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1768","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciab104","article-title":"Impact of SARS-CoV-2 Infection on Pregnancy Outcomes: A Population-Based Study","volume":"73","author":"Crovetto","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.26267","article-title":"The \u201cscar\u201d of a pandemic: Cumulative incidence of COVID-19 during the first trimester of pregnancy","volume":"93","author":"Cosma","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Med. Virol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2020.09.012","article-title":"Racial-ethnic disparities and pregnancy outcomes in SARS-CoV-2 infection in a universally-tested cohort in Houston, Texas","volume":"254","author":"Pineles","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. J. Obs. Gynecol. Reprod. Biol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1002\/uog.23575","article-title":"Pregnant women with SARS-CoV-2 infection are at higher risk of death and pneumonia: Propensity score matched analysis of a nationwide prospective cohort (COV19Mx)","volume":"57","author":"Sotiriadis","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ultrasound Obs. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1007\/s00404-020-05573-8","article-title":"Maternal and infant outcomes of full-term pregnancy combined with COVID-2019 in Wuhan, China: Retrospective case series","volume":"302","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Arch. Gynecol. Obs."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1002\/uog.23642","article-title":"Ultrasound and Doppler findings in pregnant women with SARS-CoV-2 infection","volume":"58","author":"Huntley","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ultrasound Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.1002\/uog.23134","article-title":"Pregnancies recovered from SARS-CoV-2 infection in second or third trimester: Obstetric evolution","volume":"56","author":"Caballero","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ultrasound Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2020.06.058","article-title":"Is pregnancy a risk factor of COVID-19?","volume":"252","author":"Phoswa","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. J. Obs. Gynecol. Reprod. Biol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1641","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6944e3","article-title":"Update: Characteristics of Symptomatic Women of Reproductive Age with Laboratory-Confirmed SARS-CoV-2 Infection by Pregnancy Status\u2014United States, January 22\u2013October 3, 2020","volume":"69","author":"Zambrano","year":"2020","journal-title":"MMWR Morb. Mortal Wkly. Rep."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1002\/ijgo.13329","article-title":"Clinical characteristics, prognostic factors, and maternal and neonatal outcomes of SARS-CoV-2 infection among hospitalized pregnant women: A systematic review","volume":"151","author":"Turan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Gynaecol. Obstet. Off. Organ Int. Fed. Gynaecol. Obstet."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.21037\/tp.2020.02.06","article-title":"Clinical analysis of 10 neonates born to mothers with 2019-nCoV pneumonia","volume":"9","author":"Zhu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Transl. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1673","DOI":"10.1111\/echo.14873","article-title":"Peripartum cardiomyopathy in a COVID-19-infected woman: Differential diagnosis with acute myocarditis-A case report from a Hub Institution during the COVID-19 outbreak","volume":"37","author":"Ippolito","year":"2020","journal-title":"Echocardiography"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2020.10.014","article-title":"Myocardial injury associated with coronavirus disease 2019 in pregnancy","volume":"224","author":"Meirowitz","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1525","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2020.07.024","article-title":"Characteristics and predictors of death among 4035 consecutively hospitalized patients with COVID-19 in Spain","volume":"26","author":"Berenguer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preghy.2022.05.005","article-title":"Preeclampsia among women with COVID-19 during pregnancy and its impact on maternal and perinatal outcomes: Results from a national multicenter study on COVID in Brazil, the REBRACO initiative","volume":"28","author":"Guida","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pregnancy Hypertens."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Melguizo, S.C., Conty, M.L.D., Payan, P.C., Abascal-Saiz, A., Recarte, P.P., Rodriguez, L.G., Marin, C.C., Varea, A.M., Cuesta, A.B.O., and Rodriguez, P.P. (2021). Pregnancy Outcomes and SARS-CoV-2 Infection: The Spanish Obstetric Emergency Group Study. Viruses, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/v13050853"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100454","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajogmf.2021.100454","article-title":"Obstetrical outcomes and follow-up for patients with asymptomatic COVID-19 at delivery: A multicenter prospective cohort study","volume":"3","author":"Hill","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. MFM"},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"Moodley, J., Soma-Pillay, P., Buchmann, E., and Pattinson, R.C. (2019). Hypertensive disorders in pregnancy: 2019 National guideline. S. Afr. Med. J., 109."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu, Y.-T., Liu, J., Xu, J.-J., Chen, Y.-F., Yang, W., Chen, Y., Li, C., Wang, Y., Liu, H., and Zhang, C. (2020). Neonatal outcome in 29 pregnant women with COVID-19: A retrospective study in Wuhan, China. PLoS Med., 17.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1003195"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vaezi, M., Mirghafourvand, M., and Hemmatzadeh, S. (2021). Characteristics, clinical and laboratory data and outcomes of pregnant women with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection admitted to Al-Zahra tertiary referral maternity center in Iran: A case series of 24 patients. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth, 21.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12884-021-03764-y"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101620","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjid.2021.101620","article-title":"Characteristics and outcomes of pregnant women with SARS-CoV-2 infection and other severe acute respiratory infections (SARI) in Brazil from January to November 2020","volume":"25","author":"Leal","year":"2021","journal-title":"Braz. J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2029256","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2020.29256","article-title":"Pregnancy Outcomes Among Women With and Without Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Infection","volume":"3","author":"Adhikari","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Netw. Open"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preghy.2021.07.248","article-title":"Who said differentiating preeclampsia from COVID-19 infection was easy?","volume":"26","author":"Jayaram","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pregnancy Hypertens."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1002\/ijgo.13661","article-title":"Maternal and neonatal outcomes of pregnant patients with COVID-19: A prospective cohort study","volume":"153","author":"Sehat","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Gynecol. Obstet."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1782","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.19124","article-title":"Association of SARS-CoV-2 Test Status and Pregnancy Outcomes","volume":"324","author":"Ahlberg","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2020.07.008","article-title":"Maternal COVID-19 infection, clinical characteristics, pregnancy, and neonatal outcome: A prospective cohort study","volume":"252","author":"Antoun","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. J. Obstet. Gynecol. Reprod. Biol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Epelboin, S., Labrosse, J., De Mouzon, J., Fauque, P., Gervoise-Boyer, M.-J., Levy, R., Sermondade, N., Hesters, L., Berg\u00e8re, M., and Devienne, C. (2021). Obstetrical outcomes and maternal morbidities associated with COVID-19 in pregnant women in France: A national retrospective cohort study. PLoS Med., 18.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1003857"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"522.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2021.05.016","article-title":"Maternal and perinatal outcomes of pregnant women with SARS-CoV-2 infection at the time of birth in England: National cohort study","volume":"225","author":"Jardine","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am. J. Obs. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1002\/ijgo.13508","article-title":"Impact of SARS-CoV-2 on multiple gestation pregnancy","volume":"152","author":"Mahajan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Gynaecol. Obs."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2021.05.014","article-title":"Preeclampsia and COVID-19: Results from the INTERCOVID prospective longitudinal study","volume":"225","author":"Papageorghiou","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am. J. Obs. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pirjani, R., Hosseini, R., Soori, T., Rabiei, M., Hosseini, L., Abiri, A., Moini, A., Shizarpour, A., Razani, G., and Sepidarkish, M. (2020). Maternal and neonatal outcomes in COVID-19 infected pregnancies: A prospective cohort study. J. Travel. Med., 27.","DOI":"10.1093\/jtm\/taaa158"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"803","DOI":"10.1111\/aogs.14371","article-title":"Shared risk factors for COVID-19 and preeclampsia in the first trimester: An observational study","volume":"101","author":"Serrano","year":"2022","journal-title":"Acta Obs. Gynecol. Scand."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"714","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2020.9241","article-title":"Clinical Characteristics and Outcomes of Hospitalized Women Giving Birth With and Without COVID-19","volume":"181","author":"Jering","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1111\/jog.15108","article-title":"Clinical characteristics and hematological parameters associated with disease severity in COVID-19 positive pregnant women undergoing cesarean section: A single-center experience","volume":"48","author":"Arslan","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Obs. Gynaecol. Res."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1374","DOI":"10.1111\/1471-0528.16339","article-title":"Pre-eclampsia-like syndrome induced by severe COVID-19: A prospective observational study","volume":"127","author":"Mendoza","year":"2020","journal-title":"Bjog"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.11604\/pamj.2021.39.134.27627","article-title":"Clinical characteristics and outcomes for pregnant women diagnosed with COVID-19 disease at the University of Benin Teaching Hospital, Benin City, Nigeria","volume":"39","author":"Osaikhuwuomwan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pan. Afr. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2021.03.001","article-title":"Coronavirus disease 2019 infection and hypertensive disorders of pregnancy","volume":"224","author":"Rosenbloom","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am. J. Obs. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102366","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jogoh.2022.102366","article-title":"Impact of COVID-19 infection in pregnancy and neonates: A case control study","volume":"51","author":"Daclin","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Gynecol. Obs. Hum. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2022.0330","article-title":"Perinatal Complications in Individuals in California With or Without SARS-CoV-2 Infection During Pregnancy","volume":"182","author":"Ferrara","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAMA Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1159\/000523974","article-title":"First-Trimester SARS-CoV-2 Infection: Clinical Presentation, Inflammatory Markers, and Obstetric Outcomes","volume":"49","author":"Trilla","year":"2022","journal-title":"Fetal Diagn."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2022.07.010","article-title":"Pregnancy and neonatal outcomes of COVID-19: The PAN-COVID study","volume":"276","author":"Mullins","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. J. Obs. Gynecol. Reprod. Biol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100134","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajogmf.2020.100134","article-title":"Clinical course of severe and critical coronavirus disease 2019 in hospitalized pregnancies: A United States cohort study","volume":"2","author":"Burd","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Obs. Gynecol. MFM"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajogmf.2020.100113","article-title":"Two cases of coronavirus 2019-related cardiomyopathy in pregnancy","volume":"2","author":"Juusela","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Obs. Gynecol. MFM"},{"key":"ref_48","first-page":"191","article-title":"Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) manifestations during pregnancy in all three trimesters: A case series","volume":"19","author":"Askary","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Reprod. Biomed."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e237521","DOI":"10.1136\/bcr-2020-237521","article-title":"Severe pre-eclampsia complicated by acute fatty liver disease of pregnancy, HELLP syndrome and acute kidney injury following SARS-CoV-2 infection","volume":"13","author":"Ahmed","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMJ Case Rep."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preghy.2020.10.012","article-title":"Preeclampsia and the crucial postpartum period for COVID-19 infected mothers: A case report","volume":"23","author":"Azarkish","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pregnancy Hypertens."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252.e3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2020.06.052","article-title":"COVID-19 and preeclampsia with severe features at 34-weeks gestation","volume":"39","author":"Hansen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am. J. Emerg. Med."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jogc.2021.09.015","article-title":"Preeclampsia-Like Syndrome in a Pregnant Patient With Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)","volume":"44","author":"Naeh","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Obs. Gynaecol. Can."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.4103\/jpcs.jpcs_9_22","article-title":"Electrocardiographic changes in pregnant women with COVID-19","volume":"8","author":"Yousefzadeh","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Pract. Cardiovasc. Sci."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2020.10.031","article-title":"New-onset myocardial injury in pregnant patients with coronavirus disease 2019: A case series of 15 patients","volume":"224","author":"Mercedes","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mousavi Seresht, L., Dehghan, M., Fakhrolmobasheri, M., Kawakita, T., Mazaheri Tehrani, S., and Rastegar, A. (2022). Peripartum cardiomyopathy and Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) associated cardiomyopathy: Case series and review of literature. Authorea.","DOI":"10.22541\/au.165090823.35862310\/v1"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e239104","DOI":"10.1136\/bcr-2020-239104","article-title":"Takotsubo cardiomyopathy in early term pregnancy: A rare cardiac complication of SARS-CoV-2 infection","volume":"13","author":"Bhattacharyya","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMJ Case Rep."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1186\/s13256-021-02751-3","article-title":"Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2- or pregnancy-related cardiomyopathy, a differential to be considered in the current pandemic: A case report","volume":"15","author":"Nejadrahim","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Med. Case Rep."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.55519\/JAMC-02-9305","article-title":"COVID-19 Infection During Pregnancy With Acute Heart Failure, Venous Thrombosis And Pneumonia","volume":"34","author":"Soofi","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Ayub Med. Coll. Abbottabad."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fran\u00e7a, A., Pereira, D.D.V., Rodrigues, E.V., Vieira, F.N., Machado, K.S., Nogueira, P.A., Fonseca, R.R.S., and Machado, L.F.A. (2022). Severe COVID-19 in Cardiopath Young Pregnant Patient without Vertical Transmission. Viruses, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/v14040675"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0000000000004256","article-title":"Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)\u2013related multisystem inflammatory syndrome in a pregnant woman","volume":"137","author":"Gulersen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1177\/1753495X20970816","article-title":"Maternal death secondary to COVID-19 infection: A case report and review of the literature","volume":"14","author":"Stout","year":"2020","journal-title":"Obstet. Med."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1937","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2608.201383","article-title":"COVID-19 and Acute Pulmonary Embolism in Postpartum Patient","volume":"26","author":"Khodamoradi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zarrintan, A., Boeoofeh, B., Rabieipour, M., Mohammadi, A., Khademvatani, K., Pirnejad, H., and Mirza-Aghazadeh-Attari, M. (2020). Pulmonary Thromboembolism in a Pregnant Patient with Severe COVID19: A Novel Case Report and Review of Literature. Arch. Clin. Infect. Dis., 15.","DOI":"10.5812\/archcid.104394"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1882","DOI":"10.1002\/ccr3.3709","article-title":"Pulmonary embolism in pregnancy with COVID-19 infection: A case report","volume":"9","author":"Goudarzi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Case Rep."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1515\/jpm-2021-0132","article-title":"Cardiotocographic features in COVID-19 infected pregnant women","volume":"50","author":"Sinaci","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Perinat. Med."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajogmf.2020.100111","article-title":"Coronavirus disease 2019 in pregnancy: Early lessons","volume":"2","author":"Breslin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. MFM"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e345","DOI":"10.1542\/neo.23-5-e345","article-title":"Peripartum Severe COVID-19 Pneumonia: Fetal and Neonatal Implications","volume":"23","author":"Donovan","year":"2022","journal-title":"NeoReviews"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1515\/jpm-2021-0657","article-title":"Effect of SARS-CoV-2 infection on fetal umbilical vein flow and cardiac function: A prospective study","volume":"50","author":"Rizzo","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Perinat. Med."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"803","DOI":"10.1111\/echo.15367","article-title":"Decreased fetal cardiac output in pregnant women with severe SARS-CoV-2 infection","volume":"39","author":"Turgut","year":"2022","journal-title":"Echocardiography"},{"key":"ref_70","first-page":"1314","article-title":"Effects of SARS-CoV-2 infection on fetal pulmonary artery Doppler parameters","volume":"38","author":"Sule","year":"2021","journal-title":"Echocardiography"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1757","DOI":"10.1111\/jog.14726","article-title":"Doppler assessment of the fetus in pregnant women recovered from COVID-19","volume":"47","author":"Anuk","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Obstet. Gynaecol. Res."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2020.06.049","article-title":"Fetal heart rate changes on the cardiotocograph trace secondary to maternal COVID-19 infection","volume":"252","author":"Llurba","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. J. Obs. Gynecol. Reprod. Biol."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1978","DOI":"10.1111\/jog.15302","article-title":"Intrauterine fetal death during COVID-19 pregnancy: Typical fetal heart rate changes, coagulopathy, and placentitis","volume":"48","author":"Kato","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Obstet. Gynaecol. Res."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1002\/ijgo.14026","article-title":"COVID-19-associated coagulopathy and unfavorable obstetric outcomes in the third trimester of pregnancy","volume":"157","author":"Cetera","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Gynaecol. Obstet."},{"key":"ref_75","first-page":"8889487","article-title":"Severe COVID-19 in Third Trimester Pregnancy: Multidisciplinary Approach","volume":"2020","author":"Pelayo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Case Rep. Crit. Care"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1007\/s12098-021-03950-y","article-title":"Newborn with Nonimmune Hydrops Secondary to Fetal COVID-19 Myocarditis","volume":"89","author":"Gubbari","year":"2022","journal-title":"Indian J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1781","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.18796","article-title":"Stubblefield WB, Talbot HK, Coughlin MM, Feldstein LR, Self WH. Change in Antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 Over 60 Days Among Health Care Personnel in Nashville, Tennessee","volume":"324","author":"Patel","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6928","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-86452-3","article-title":"Symptoms and syndromes associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection and severity in pregnant women from two community cohorts","volume":"11","author":"Molteni","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.18203\/2320-1770.ijrcog20215078","article-title":"Study of maternal deaths with COVID-19 infection in a tertiary care centre","volume":"11","author":"Chavan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Reprod. Contracept. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.03.048","article-title":"Differences and similarities in endothelial and angiogenic profiles of preeclampsia and COVID-19 in pregnancy","volume":"227","author":"Palomo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2020.09.043","article-title":"Epidemiology of coronavirus disease 2019 in pregnancy: Risk factors and associations with adverse maternal and neonatal outcomes","volume":"224","author":"Brandt","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"630","DOI":"10.1002\/jcu.23220","article-title":"Post-COVID-19 fetal cardiac evaluation in moderate infection group of pregnant women","volume":"50","author":"Turgut","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Clin. Ultrasound"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Radoi, V., Pop, L.G., Bacalbasa, N., Panaitescu, A.M., Ciobanu, A.M., Cretoiu, D., and Toader, O.D. (2021). Fatal Association of Mirror and Eisenmenger Syndrome during the COVID-19 Pandemic. Medicina, 57.","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina57101031"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e243697","DOI":"10.1136\/bcr-2021-243697","article-title":"Extrahepatic portal vein thrombosis in a pregnant patient with COVID-19: A rare thrombotic event survivor","volume":"14","author":"Agarwal","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ Case Rep."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.5005\/jp-journals-10006-1810","article-title":"Cardiomyopathy in Pregnancy with COVID-19: An Enigma","volume":"12","author":"Mevada","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. South Asian Fed. Obstet. Gynaecol."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"773","DOI":"10.1002\/uog.22189","article-title":"COVID-19 during pregnancy: Non-reassuring fetal heart rate, placental pathology and coagulopathy","volume":"56","author":"Mongula","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ultrasound Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_87","first-page":"9933520","article-title":"Persistent Fetal SVT in a COVID-19 Positive Pregnancy","volume":"2022","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Case Rep. Obs. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.5830\/CVJA-2016-021","article-title":"Physiological changes in pregnancy: Review articles","volume":"27","author":"Tolppanen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. J. Afr."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1648","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.120.046941","article-title":"COVID-19 and cardiovascular disease","volume":"141","author":"Clerkin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_90","unstructured":"(2022). ESC guidance for the diagnosis and management of cardiovascular disease during the COVID-19 pandemic: Part 2\u2014Care pathways, treatment, and follow-up. Eur. Heart J., 43, 1059\u20131103."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1007\/s12574-020-00500-x","article-title":"Pulmonary thromboembolism with multiple right heart mural thrombus in a patient with COVID-19","volume":"20","author":"Dehghan","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Echocardiogr."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2020.03.013","article-title":"Cardiovascular disease and COVID-19","volume":"14","author":"Bansal","year":"2020","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab. Syndr. Clin. Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"866","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.27852","article-title":"Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging findings in 2954 COVID-19 adult survivors: A comprehensive systematic review","volume":"55","author":"Talakoob","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Magn. Reson. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1221","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcmg.2019.06.030","article-title":"Myocardial tissue characterization and fibrosis by imaging","volume":"13","author":"Karamitsos","year":"2020","journal-title":"JACC Cardiovasc. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1515\/jpm-2020-0409","article-title":"A considerable asymptomatic proportion and thromboembolism risk of pregnant women with COVID-19 infection in Wuhan, China","volume":"49","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Perinat. Med."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e884","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0000000000000772","article-title":"Cardiovascular considerations in caring for pregnant patients: A scientific statement from the American Heart Association","volume":"141","author":"Mehta","year":"2020","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3165","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehy340","article-title":"2018 ESC guidelines for the management of cardiovascular diseases during pregnancy: The task force for the management of cardiovascular diseases during pregnancy of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC)","volume":"39","author":"Bauersachs","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"062","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0038-1676666","article-title":"Physiological changes in cardiovascular system during normal pregnancy: A review","volume":"3","author":"Taranikanti","year":"2018","journal-title":"Indian J. Cardiovasc. Dis. Women-WINCARS"},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"823","DOI":"10.1111\/aogs.13867","article-title":"Maternal and perinatal outcomes with COVID-19: A systematic review of 108 pregnancies","volume":"99","author":"Zaigham","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Obstet. Gynecol. Scand."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"586","DOI":"10.1002\/uog.22014","article-title":"Coronavirus in pregnancy and delivery: Rapid review","volume":"55","author":"Mullins","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ultrasound Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajogmf.2020.100107","article-title":"Outcome of coronavirus spectrum infections (SARS, MERS, COVID-19) during pregnancy: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"2","author":"Khalil","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Obs. Gynecol. MFM"},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"05018","DOI":"10.7189\/jogh.11.05018","article-title":"A systematic review and meta-analysis of data on pregnant women with confirmed COVID-19: Clinical presentation, and pregnancy and perinatal outcomes based on COVID-19 severity","volume":"11","author":"Lassi","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Glob. Health"},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1456","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.120.317015","article-title":"Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2: SARS-CoV-2 receptor and regulator of the renin-angiotensin system: Celebrating the 20th anniversary of the discovery of ACE2","volume":"126","author":"Gheblawi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1750","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2020.05.011","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 during pregnancy: A multidisciplinary review","volume":"95","author":"Narang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mayo Clin. Proc."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"H2281","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.00618.2005","article-title":"Advances in biochemical and functional roles of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 and angiotensin-(1-7) in regulation of cardiovascular function","volume":"289","author":"Ferrario","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1417","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30937-5","article-title":"Endothelial cell infection and endotheliitis in COVID-19","volume":"395","author":"Varga","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1038\/ncpneph0623","article-title":"Hypertension in pregnancy: An emerging risk factor for cardiovascular disease","volume":"3","author":"Garovic","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat. Clin. Pract. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2620","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI137244","article-title":"Clinical and immunological features of severe and moderate coronavirus disease 2019","volume":"130","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1007\/s00281-017-0639-8","article-title":"Cytokine storm and sepsis disease pathogenesis","volume":"39","author":"Chousterman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Semin. Immunopathol."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2020.03.037","article-title":"The pathogenesis and treatment of theCytokine Storm\u2019in COVID-19","volume":"80","author":"Ye","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Infect."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1033","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30628-0","article-title":"COVID-19: Consider cytokine storm syndromes and immunosuppression","volume":"395","author":"Mehta","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2020.04.017","article-title":"Coronavirus disease 2019 in pregnancy: Consider thromboembolic disorders and thromboprophylaxis","volume":"223","author":"Giardina","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"819","DOI":"10.1001\/jamacardio.2020.1096","article-title":"Cardiac Involvement in a Patient With Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)","volume":"5","author":"Inciardi","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"811","DOI":"10.1001\/jamacardio.2020.1017","article-title":"Cardiovascular implications of fatal outcomes of patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)","volume":"5","author":"Guo","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1097","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvaa078","article-title":"The ACE2 expression in human heart indicates new potential mechanism of heart injury among patients infected with SARS-CoV-2","volume":"116","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Res."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.36660\/abc.20200511","article-title":"COVID-19: A New Challenge in Pregnancy and Heart Disease","volume":"115","author":"Avila","year":"2020","journal-title":"Arq. Bras. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"827","DOI":"10.1002\/ejhf.1493","article-title":"Pathophysiology, diagnosis and management of peripartum cardiomyopathy: A position statement from the Heart Failure Association of the European Society of Cardiology Study Group on peripartum cardiomyopathy","volume":"21","author":"Bauersachs","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. J. Heart Fail."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pcad.2020.03.001","article-title":"Cardiac troponin I in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): Evidence from a meta-analysis","volume":"63","author":"Lippi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Prog. Cardiovasc. Dis."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100888","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpcardiol.2021.100888","article-title":"COVID-19 Disease During Pregnancy and Peripartum Period: A Cardiovascular Review","volume":"47","author":"Hantoushzadeh","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr. Probl. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ytab291","DOI":"10.1093\/ehjcr\/ytab291","article-title":"COVID-19, congenital heart disease, and pregnancy: Dramatic conjunction\u2014Case report","volume":"5","author":"Avila","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J.-Case Rep."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"802","DOI":"10.1001\/jamacardio.2020.0950","article-title":"Association of cardiac injury with mortality in hospitalized patients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China","volume":"5","author":"Shi","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1562","DOI":"10.1111\/jth.14523","article-title":"DIC in obstetrics: Diagnostic score, highlights in management, and international registry-communication from the DIC and Women\u2019s Health SSCs of the International Society of Thrombosis and Haemostasis","volume":"17","author":"Rabinovich","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Thromb. Haemost."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Servante, J., Swallow, G., Thornton, J.G., Myers, B., Munireddy, S., Malinowski, A.K., Othman, M., Li, W., O\u2019Donoghue, K., and Walker, K.F. (2021). Haemostatic and thrombo-embolic complications in pregnant women with COVID-19: A systematic review and critical analysis. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth, 21.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12884-021-03568-0"},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1080\/17474086.2018.1500173","article-title":"Disseminated intravascular coagulation: An update on pathogenesis and diagnosis","volume":"11","author":"Levi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Hematol."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1747","DOI":"10.1111\/jth.14854","article-title":"The procoagulant pattern of patients with COVID-19 acute respiratory distress syndrome","volume":"18","author":"Ranucci","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Thromb. Haemost."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1328","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.316.7141.1328","article-title":"Endothelial cell activation: A central pathophysiological process","volume":"316","author":"Hunt","year":"1998","journal-title":"Br. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2015432","article-title":"Pulmonary vascular endothelialitis, thrombosis, and angiogenesis in COVID-19","volume":"383","author":"Ackermann","year":"2020","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S213","DOI":"10.1097\/01.CCM.0000057846.21303.AB","article-title":"Coagulation, fibrinolysis, and fibrin deposition in acute lung injury","volume":"31","author":"Idell","year":"2003","journal-title":"Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"526","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvsv.2020.04.009","article-title":"Practical diagnosis and treatment of suspected venous thromboembolism during COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"8","author":"Obi","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Vasc. Surg. Venous Lymphat. Disord."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e132","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvaa140","article-title":"COVID-19 as a cardiovascular disease: The potential role of chronic endothelial dysfunction","volume":"116","author":"Almansa","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Res."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-020-00454-7","article-title":"Endothelial activation and dysfunction in COVID-19: From basic mechanisms to potential therapeutic approaches","volume":"5","author":"Jin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Signal Transduct. Target. Ther."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-020-0343-0","article-title":"COVID-19: The vasculature unleashed","volume":"20","author":"Teuwen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.24170\/17-3-4375","article-title":"COVID-19 and the cardiovascular system in pregnancy","volume":"17","author":"Herrey","year":"2020","journal-title":"SA Heart"},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"604","DOI":"10.1007\/s11239-020-02177-6","article-title":"Ovarian vein thrombosis after coronavirus disease (COVID-19) infection in a pregnant woman: Case report","volume":"50","author":"Mohammadi","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Thromb. Thrombolysis"},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2020.04.022","article-title":"Pulmonary embolism in a young pregnant woman with COVID-19","volume":"191","author":"Martinelli","year":"2020","journal-title":"Thromb. Res."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1094","DOI":"10.1111\/jth.14817","article-title":"Anticoagulant treatment is associated with decreased mortality in severe coronavirus disease 2019 patients with coagulopathy","volume":"18","author":"Tang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Thromb. Haemost."},{"key":"ref_137","unstructured":"IoOaG, R. (2020). COVID-19 Infection Guidance for Maternity Services. Inst. Obstet. Gynaecol.-R. Coll. Physicians Irel. (RCPI), 21."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1110","DOI":"10.1111\/aogs.13962","article-title":"A critical review of the pathophysiology of thrombotic complications and clinical practice recommendations for thromboprophylaxis in pregnant patients with COVID-19","volume":"99","author":"Teshler","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Obstet. Gynecol. Scand."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"841","DOI":"10.1002\/uog.22049","article-title":"Why we should not stop giving aspirin to pregnant women during the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"55","author":"Kwiatkowski","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ultrasound Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hjc.2018.12.003","article-title":"Fetal arrhythmias: Surveillance and management","volume":"60","author":"Yuan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Hell. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_141","first-page":"143","article-title":"Umbilical artery Doppler findings in patients with preterm premature rupture of membranes","volume":"20","author":"Aldemir","year":"2014","journal-title":"Gynecol. Obstet. Reprod. Med."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.12746","article-title":"Change in the incidence of stillbirth and preterm delivery during the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"324","author":"Khalil","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1515\/jpm-2020-0512","article-title":"Assessment of fetal Doppler parameters in pregnant women with COVID-19 infection: A prospective case-control study","volume":"49","author":"Ayhan","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Perinat. Med."},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5128","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-18933-4","article-title":"Analysis of SARS-CoV-2 vertical transmission during pregnancy","volume":"11","author":"Fenizia","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2020.04.065","article-title":"How to reduce the potential risk of vertical transmission of SARS-CoV-2 during vaginal delivery?","volume":"250","author":"Carosso","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. J. Obstet. Gynecol. Reprod. Biol."},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1182","DOI":"10.1128\/CDLI.11.6.1182-1184.2004","article-title":"Specific immunoglobulin g antibody detected in umbilical blood and amniotic fluid from a pregnant woman infected by the coronavirus associated with severe acute respiratory syndrome","volume":"11","author":"Jiang","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin. Vaccine Immunol."},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"809","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30360-3","article-title":"Clinical characteristics and intrauterine vertical transmission potential of COVID-19 infection in nine pregnant women: A retrospective review of medical records","volume":"395","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e254","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.112.4.e254","article-title":"Infants born to mothers with severe acute respiratory syndrome","volume":"112","author":"Shek","year":"2003","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104356","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2020.104356","article-title":"Clinical characteristics and risk assessment of newborns born to mothers with COVID-19","volume":"127","author":"Yang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clin. Virol."},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1515\/jpm-2016-0380","article-title":"A non-invasive method to rule out transient tachypnea of the newborn (TTN): Fetal pulmonary artery acceleration to ejection time ratio","volume":"46","author":"Akkaya","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Perinat. Med."},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2010.01.075","article-title":"Acceleration\/ejection time ratio in the fetal pulmonary artery predicts fetal lung maturity","volume":"203","author":"Azpurua","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1002\/ijgo.13916","article-title":"Fetal pulmonary artery Doppler evaluation in pregnant women after recovery from COVID-19","volume":"155","author":"Turgut","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Gynecol. Obstet."},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"856","DOI":"10.3109\/14767058.2013.844125","article-title":"Lung ultrasonography for the diagnosis of neonatal lung disease","volume":"27","author":"Liu","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Matern.-Fetal Neonatal Med."},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2414","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-30052-w","article-title":"Systematic review and meta-analysis of the effectiveness and perinatal outcomes of COVID-19 vaccination in pregnancy","volume":"13","author":"Prasad","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ehab724.2890","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehab724.2890","article-title":"COVID-19 in pregnant women with heart diseases. Adverse maternal and fetal outcomes. Case series from InCor registry of Pregnancy and Heart Disease","volume":"42","author":"Kirschbaum","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3312","DOI":"10.3906\/sag-2106-134","article-title":"Pregnancy and COVID-19: Prevention, vaccination, therapy, and beyond","volume":"51","author":"Webster","year":"2021","journal-title":"Turk. J. Med. Sci."}],"container-title":["Journal of Clinical Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/11\/20\/6194\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T00:58:24Z","timestamp":1760144304000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/11\/20\/6194"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,20]]},"references-count":156,"journal-issue":{"issue":"20","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10]]}},"alternative-id":["jcm11206194"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm11206194","relation":{},"ISSN":["2077-0383"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2077-0383","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,20]]}}}