{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,14]],"date-time":"2026-04-14T02:59:14Z","timestamp":1776135554361,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"20","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,21]],"date-time":"2022-10-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1666310400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"The Primary Care Wellbeing Service"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Post-traumatic stress symptoms (PTSS) and breathlessness have been well documented in the acute phase of COVID-19 as well as in Post-COVID-19 Syndrome (PCS), commonly known as Long-COVID. The present study aimed to explore whether PTSS and breathlessness interact to exacerbate fatigue among individuals recovering from PCS, similar to the effects evidenced in other health conditions that feature respiratory distress.. Methods: Outcome measures were collected from 154 participants reporting persistent fatigue following acute COVID-19 infection who were enrolled in a 7-week rehabilitation course provided by the Primary Care Wellbeing Service (PCWBS) in Bradford District Care NHS Foundation Trust (BDCFT). Results: Hierarchical multiple linear regression revealed that fatigue severity was associated with a significant interaction between PTSS and breathlessness, even when controlling for pre-COVID health related quality of life (HRQoL), age, symptom duration and hospital admittance during the acute phase. Furthermore, improvements in fatigue following rehabilitation were significantly associated with improvements in PTSS. Conclusions: PTSS may be an important therapeutic target in multidisciplinary rehabilitation for reducing fatigue in the recovery from PCS. It is therefore important that treatment for PCS takes a biopsychosocial approach to recovery, putting emphasis on direct and indirect psychological factors which may facilitate or disrupt physical recovery. This highlights the need for all PCS clinics to screen for PTSD and if present, target as a priority in treatment to maximise the potential for successful rehabilitation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11206214","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,24]],"date-time":"2022-10-24T04:40:36Z","timestamp":1666586436000},"page":"6214","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["The Interactive Effects of Post-Traumatic Stress Symptoms and Breathlessness on Fatigue Severity in Post-COVID-19 Syndrome"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Sari","family":"Harenwall","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Primary Care Wellbeing Service, Bradford District Care NHS Foundation Trust, Shipley BD18 3LD, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Suzanne","family":"Heywood-Everett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Primary Care Wellbeing Service, Bradford District Care NHS Foundation Trust, Shipley BD18 3LD, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1154-755X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rebecca","family":"Henderson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester M15 6BH, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joanne","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Primary Care Wellbeing Service, Bradford District Care NHS Foundation Trust, Shipley BD18 3LD, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rachel","family":"McEnery","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Primary Care Wellbeing Service, Bradford District Care NHS Foundation Trust, Shipley BD18 3LD, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7170-1491","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amy R.","family":"Bland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester M15 6BH, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1252","DOI":"10.7326\/M21-0878","article-title":"Prevalence of Symptoms More Than Seven Months After Diagnosis of Symptomatic COVID-19 in an Outpatient Setting","volume":"174","author":"Nehme","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann. 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