{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T04:33:16Z","timestamp":1789619596746,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":18,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,24]],"date-time":"2022-10-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1666569600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82201843"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82201843"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["LGF22H040002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LGF22H040002"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["LGF22H270021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LGF22H270021"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008990","name":"Zhejiang Province Natural Science Funds Grant","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82201843"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82201843"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008990","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008990","name":"Zhejiang Province Natural Science Funds Grant","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["LGF22H040002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LGF22H040002"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008990","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008990","name":"Zhejiang Province Natural Science Funds Grant","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["LGF22H270021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LGF22H270021"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008990","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008990","name":"Zhejiang Province Basic Public Welfare Research Progra","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82201843"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82201843"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008990","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008990","name":"Zhejiang Province Basic Public Welfare Research Progra","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["LGF22H040002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LGF22H040002"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008990","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008990","name":"Zhejiang Province Basic Public Welfare Research Progra","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["LGF22H270021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LGF22H270021"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008990","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>An ectopic ureter is a ureter that does not correctly connect to the trigone of the bladder and drains outside of the bladder. Here, we presented five cases of ectopic ureter opening into the vagina, whose clinical symptoms and malformations were rarely described in previous case reports. All five patients were hospitalized with complaints of gynecologic disease. Three of the five cases did not present the typical symptoms of urinary incontinence. Three of these cases showed congenital malformations of the female genital tract. Four cases were diagnosed in adulthood. All patients were analyzed using various imaging examinations. This study suggests that the ectopic ureter should be considered in the differential diagnosis of a pelvic mass in a patient with urinary and reproductive system abnormalities. It is essential to comprehensively evaluate complex malformations of the genitourinary system with multiple imaging tests.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11216267","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,24]],"date-time":"2022-10-24T11:53:55Z","timestamp":1666612435000},"page":"6267","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Gynecological Diagnosis and Treatment of Ectopic Ureter Insertion into Vagina: Analysis of Five Cases and a Literature Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4186-4617","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qijing","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gynecology, Women\u2019s Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310006, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zaigui","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gynecology, Women\u2019s Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310006, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fengbin","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Reproductive Endocrinology, Women\u2019s Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310006, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rubab","family":"Akbar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Systems Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yiyun","family":"Lou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gynecology, Hangzhou Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hangzhou 310007, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jianhong","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gynecology, Women\u2019s Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310006, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fei","family":"Ruan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gynecology, Women\u2019s Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310006, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Baskin Laurence, S. (2022, July 13). Ectopic Ureter. Up to Date. Available online: http:\/\/www.uptodate.com\/contents\/ectopic-ureter."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2018.00176","article-title":"A rare case of double-system with ectopic ureteral openings into vagina","volume":"6","author":"Duicu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"819","DOI":"10.1007\/s00383-008-2172-2","article-title":"Spectrum of ectopic ureters in children","volume":"24","author":"Chadha","year":"2008","journal-title":"Pediatr. Surg. Int."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1745","DOI":"10.1002\/nau.24054","article-title":"Diagnosis and surgical outcomes of ectopic ureters in adults: A case series and literature review","volume":"38","author":"Toia","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurourol. Urodyn."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1707","DOI":"10.1007\/s00192-020-04275-8","article-title":"Dysplastic kidney and ectopic ureter in association with obstructed hemivagina and ipsilateral renal anomaly","volume":"31","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. Urogynecol. J."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1007\/s00192-016-3178-2","article-title":"Incontinence after vaginal septum resection for a missed diagnosis of ectopic dysplastic kidney and ureter","volume":"28","author":"Yuan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. Urogynecol. J."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kuliniec, I., Mitura, P., Plaza, P., Widz, D., Sudol, D., Godzisz, M., Kolodynska, A., Monist, M., Wisz, A., and Bar, K. (2021). Urinary incontinence in adulthood in a course of ectopic ureter-description of two clinical cases with review of literature. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18137084"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"638","DOI":"10.1007\/s003830100011","article-title":"Single-system ectopic ureter: A 15-year review","volume":"17","author":"Chowdhary","year":"2001","journal-title":"Pediatr. Surg. Int."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1792","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2016080849","article-title":"Diversification of cell lineages in ureter development","volume":"28","author":"Bohnenpoll","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e135","DOI":"10.11622\/smedj.2013116","article-title":"Y-type partial duplication of a vaginal ectopic ureter with ipsilateral hypoplastic pelvic kidney and bicornuate uterus","volume":"54","author":"Chen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Singapore Med. J."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1186\/s13256-021-03157-x","article-title":"Congenital ureterovaginal fistula: A rare case of single-system ectopic ureter with ipsilateral ectopic kidney managed by vaginal approach: A case report","volume":"15","author":"Amenu","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Med. Case Rep."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.urology.2020.10.025","article-title":"Bilateral single system ectopic ureters with vaginal insertion in a female child, a rare variant","volume":"149","author":"Patel","year":"2021","journal-title":"Urology"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"956","DOI":"10.1007\/s00247-014-2905-4","article-title":"Utility of MR urography in children suspected of having ectopic ureter","volume":"44","author":"Figueroa","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pediatr. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S92","DOI":"10.5152\/tud.2018.37085","article-title":"Rare cases of ectopic ureter: Analysis from a single centre with review of the literature","volume":"45","author":"Jain","year":"2019","journal-title":"Turk. J. Urol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2012020127","article-title":"Cell biology of ureter development","volume":"24","author":"Woolf","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Magro-Lopez, E., and Munoz-Fernandez, M.A. (2021). The Role of BMP Signaling in Female Reproductive System Development and Function. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms222111927"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2013.07.015","article-title":"Duplicated uterus and hemivaginal or hemicervical atresia with ipsilateral renal agenesis: An institutional clinical series of 52 cases","volume":"170","author":"Wang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur. J. Obstet. Gynecol. Reprod. Biol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1424","DOI":"10.3109\/00016349.2010.512067","article-title":"Unilateral renal agenesis and female genital tract pathologies","volume":"89","author":"Acien","year":"2010","journal-title":"Acta Obstet. Gynecol. Scand."}],"container-title":["Journal of Clinical Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/11\/21\/6267\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:01:57Z","timestamp":1760144517000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/11\/21\/6267"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,24]]},"references-count":18,"journal-issue":{"issue":"21","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11]]}},"alternative-id":["jcm11216267"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm11216267","relation":{},"ISSN":["2077-0383"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2077-0383","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,24]]}}}