{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,23]],"date-time":"2026-08-23T14:55:36Z","timestamp":1787496936096,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":139,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,25]],"date-time":"2022-10-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1666656000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Although most patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) experience respiratory manifestations, multi-organ dysfunction is frequent. Almost 20% of hospitalized patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection develop acute kidney injury (AKI). The pathophysiology of AKI is a result of both the direct and indirect effects of SARS-CoV-2 infection, including systemic inflammatory responses, the activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS), and endothelial and coagulative dysfunction. Underlying SARS-CoV-2 infection-associated AKI, an immunological hyper-response with an unbalanced innate and adaptative response defined as a \u201ccytokine storm\u201d has emerged. Numerous agents have been tested in an effort to mitigate the cytokine storm, and a range of extracorporeal cytokine removal techniques have been proposed as potential therapeutic options. In the present review, we summarize the main pathogenetic mechanisms underlying COVID-19-related AKI in order to provide an appropriate individual therapeutic strategy to improve clinical outcomes and limit the progression of early disease.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11216286","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,25]],"date-time":"2022-10-25T23:50:28Z","timestamp":1666741828000},"page":"6286","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Acute Kidney Injury and Blood Purification Techniques in Severe COVID-19 Patients"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Marianna","family":"Napoli","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Nephrology, Dialysis and Renal Transplant Unit, IRCCS-Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Via Massarenti 9, 40138 Bologna, Italy"},{"name":"Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2168-702X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michele","family":"Provenzano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nephrology, Dialysis and Renal Transplant Unit, IRCCS-Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Via Massarenti 9, 40138 Bologna, Italy"},{"name":"Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lilio","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nephrology, Dialysis and Renal Transplant Unit, IRCCS-Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Via Massarenti 9, 40138 Bologna, Italy"},{"name":"Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claudia","family":"Bini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nephrology, Dialysis and Renal Transplant Unit, IRCCS-Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Via Massarenti 9, 40138 Bologna, Italy"},{"name":"Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chiara","family":"Abenavoli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nephrology, Dialysis and Renal Transplant Unit, IRCCS-Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Via Massarenti 9, 40138 Bologna, Italy"},{"name":"Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gaetano","family":"La Manna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nephrology, Dialysis and Renal Transplant Unit, IRCCS-Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Via Massarenti 9, 40138 Bologna, Italy"},{"name":"Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giorgia","family":"Comai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nephrology, Dialysis and Renal Transplant Unit, IRCCS-Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Via Massarenti 9, 40138 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"846","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-020-05991-x","article-title":"Clinical predictors of mortality due to COVID-19 based on an analysis of data of 150 patients from Wuhan, China","volume":"46","author":"Ruan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111966","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2021.111966","article-title":"Kidney injury in COVID-19 patients, drug development and their renal complications: Review study","volume":"142","author":"Yarijani","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biomed. 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