{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,13]],"date-time":"2026-03-13T07:57:20Z","timestamp":1773388640914,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":76,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,25]],"date-time":"2022-10-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1666656000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>COVID-19 vaccine-associated lymphadenopathy (C19-VAL) is increasingly encountered with the widespread use of the vaccine in controlling the outbreak. We aim to characterize the pathological findings of COVID-19 and non-COVID-19 vaccine-associated lymphadenopathy (NC19-VAL). A search for studies that reported pathological findings in vaccine-associated lymphadenopathy on PubMed and Google Scholar was performed on 11 December 2021. C19-VAL studies were pooled for analysis. These studies were split into clinical lymphadenopathy (CL) and subclinical lymphadenopathy detected on imaging (SLDI) for subgroup analysis. A total of 25 studies were related to COVID-19 vaccines, and 21 studies were included in the pooled analysis. The pooled analysis included 37 patients with a mean age of 47.8 \u00b1 19.1 years old, and 62.2% were females. The mean duration from last vaccination to development of CL\/SLDI was 14.5 \u00b1 11.0 days. Most were diagnosed as reactive or negative for malignancy (28\/37, 75.5%), followed by Kikuchi\u2013Fujimoto disease (KFD) (3\/37, 8.1%), florid lymphoid hyperplasia (2\/37, 5.4%), and granulomatous inflammation (2\/37, 5.4%). Metastases were reported in two patients with a history of malignancy (2\/37, 5.4%). Cases with florid lymphoid hyperplasia and KFD were younger than those with reactive changes. A total of 14 studies were related to non-COVID-19 vaccines. Caseating granulomatous inflammation was reported in BCG vaccine-associated lymphadenopathy, while other vaccines were associated with reactive lymphoid hyperplasia, florid post-vaccinal reactions, and KFD. Although most C19-VAL cases were reported as reactive or negative for malignancy, other diagnoses included florid lymphoid hyperplasia, KFD, and granulomatous inflammation. Metastases were reported in lymphadenopathy of patients with a history of malignancy, who had been incidentally vaccinated. In conclusion, C19-VAL can yield different histopathological diagnoses when sampled, most of which require clinical and radiological correlation for optimal patient management.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11216290","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,25]],"date-time":"2022-10-25T23:50:28Z","timestamp":1666741828000},"page":"6290","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Pathological Findings in COVID-19 and Non-COVID-19 Vaccine-Associated Lymphadenopathy: A Systematic Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6250-2004","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tzy Harn","family":"Chua","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomical Pathology, Singapore General Hospital, Academia, 20 College Road, Singapore 169856, Singapore"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7830-8430","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Angela","family":"Takano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomical Pathology, Singapore General Hospital, Academia, 20 College Road, Singapore 169856, Singapore"},{"name":"Duke-NUS Medical School, 8 College Road, Singapore 169857, Singapore"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2012-7","article-title":"A pneumonia outbreak associated with a new coronavirus of probable bat origin","volume":"579","author":"Zhou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Johns Hopkins Coronavirus Resource Center (2022, January 04). 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