{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,6]],"date-time":"2026-04-06T21:39:09Z","timestamp":1775511549110,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,27]],"date-time":"2022-10-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1666828800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Whether orthodontic treatment can change the preferred chewing side (PCS) is unknown. This study examined (1) if the PCS changes after orthodontic treatment and (2) which factors contribute to this change. Two hundred fifty patients who visited the orthodontic clinic at Tokyo Medical and Dental University Hospital between 2017 and 2020 were included in the study. Mandibular kinesiograph (MKG) was taken at pre- and post-treatment, and PCS was determined. Patients who showed a change in PCS to the opposite side and those who showed no change in PCS at post-treatment were pooled into the PCS-changed and PCS-unchanged groups, respectively. The demographic, clinical, and cephalometric parameters were compared between the groups. Significant factors associated with changes in were of age &lt; 20 years at the beginning of orthodontic treatment (odds ratio (OR), 2.00), maximum lateral mandibular movement to PCS \u2265 10.0 mm at pre-treatment (OR, 6.51), and change in occlusal canting of \u22651.0\u00b0 (OR, 2.72). The predicted probability of change in PCS was 13.2%, 36.0%, and 67.5% for no factor, one factor, and two factors associated with PCS change, respectively. Orthodontic treatment may change PCS due to patient age, maximum lateral mandibular movement to PCS, and change in occlusal canting.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11216343","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,27]],"date-time":"2022-10-27T20:37:58Z","timestamp":1666903078000},"page":"6343","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Does Orthodontic Treatment Change the Preferred Chewing Side of Patients with Malocclusion?"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4574-1457","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shuko","family":"Arai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthodontic Science, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo 113-8519, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chiho","family":"Kato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthodontic Science, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo 113-8519, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ippei","family":"Watari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthodontic Science, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo 113-8519, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8043-660X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Takashi","family":"Ono","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthodontic Science, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo 113-8519, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.15171\/bi.2019.23","article-title":"Manifestation of hemispheric laterality in chewing side preference and handedness","volume":"9","author":"Khamnei","year":"2019","journal-title":"BioImpacts BI"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-002-0652-y","article-title":"Handedness and language cerebral lateralization","volume":"87","author":"Khedr","year":"2002","journal-title":"Eur. J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2788","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2013.09.014","article-title":"Handedness: A neurogenetic shift of perspective","volume":"37","author":"Ocklenburg","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1093\/ejo\/cjy050","article-title":"Relations of laterality and chewing sidedness in twins","volume":"41","author":"Pihlaja","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. J. Orthod."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jds.2016.09.004","article-title":"Association between brain lateralization and mixing ability of chewing side","volume":"12","author":"Oh","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Dent. Sci."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2014.07.027","article-title":"Evidence for general right-, mixed-, and left-sidedness in self-reported handedness, footedness, eyedness, and earedness, and a primacy of footedness in a large-sample latent variable analysis","volume":"62","author":"Tran","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guo, X., Lyu, Y., Bekrater-Bodmann, R., Flor, H., and Tong, S. (2015, January 25\u201329). Handedness change after dominant side amputation: Evaluation from a hand laterality judgment task. Proceedings of the 2015 37th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC), Milan, Italy.","DOI":"10.1109\/EMBC.2015.7320249"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3274","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.16-10-03274.1996","article-title":"Experience-dependent plasticity of binocular responses in the primary visual cortex of the mouse","volume":"86","author":"Gordon","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-3913(86)90186-1","article-title":"Occlusion and chewing side preference","volume":"55","author":"Pond","year":"1986","journal-title":"J. Prosthet. Dent."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2842.1985.tb01547.x","article-title":"Lateral preference in mastication: A feasibility study","volume":"12","author":"Christensen","year":"1985","journal-title":"J. Oral Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"855","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2842.2004.01316.x","article-title":"Chewing side preferences in children","volume":"31","author":"Hector","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Oral Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"990","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2842.2003.01085.x","article-title":"A comparison of the methods used to determine chewing preference","volume":"30","author":"Varela","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Oral Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2842.2004.01256.x","article-title":"Chewing side preference as a type of hemispheric laterality","volume":"31","author":"Nissan","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Oral Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2842.2006.01535.x","article-title":"Chewing-side determination of three food textures","volume":"33","author":"Paphangkorakit","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Oral Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1111\/joor.12369","article-title":"Peripheral, functional and postural asymmetries related to the preferred chewing side in adults with natural dentition","volume":"43","author":"Peraire","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Oral Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1086","DOI":"10.1016\/j.archoralbio.2012.02.022","article-title":"Absence or weak correlation between chewing side preference and lateralities in primary, mixed and permanent dentition","volume":"57","author":"Barcellos","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arch. Oral Biol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.archoralbio.2008.09.006","article-title":"Relationship between chewing side preference and handedness and lateral asymmetry of peripheral factors","volume":"54","author":"Palau","year":"2009","journal-title":"Arch. Oral Biol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2009.04.028","article-title":"Preferred chewing side-dependent two-point discrimination and cortical activation pattern of tactile tongue sensation","volume":"203","author":"Minato","year":"2009","journal-title":"Behav. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1177\/154405910308200407","article-title":"Hemispheric dominance of tongue control depends on the chewing-side preference","volume":"82","author":"Shinagawa","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Dent. Res."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2842.2007.01790.x","article-title":"Self-reported chewing side preference and its associations with occlusal, temporomandibular and prosthodontic factors: Results from the population-based Study of Health in Pomerania (SHIP-0)","volume":"35","author":"Diernberger","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Oral Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"38","article-title":"Volumetric evaluation of temporomandibular joints in patients with a chewing-side preference: A CBCT study","volume":"69","author":"Costa","year":"2021","journal-title":"Gen. Dent."},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"59","article-title":"Can orthodontic treatment improve mastication? a controlled, prospective and longitudinal study","volume":"33","author":"Henrikson","year":"2009","journal-title":"Swed. Dent. J."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2335","DOI":"10.1007\/s00784-021-04356-y","article-title":"Effect of malocclusion on jaw motor function and chewing in children: A systematic review","volume":"26","author":"Alshammari","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin. Oral Investig."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1016\/S0889-5406(96)70178-6","article-title":"Skeletal and functional effects of treatment for unilateral posterior crossbite","volume":"109","author":"Brin","year":"1996","journal-title":"Am. J. Orthod. Dentofac. Orthop."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.archoralbio.2016.03.013","article-title":"Effects of therapy on masseter activity and chewing kinematics in patients with unilateral posterior crossbite","volume":"67","author":"Piancino","year":"2016","journal-title":"Arch. Oral Biol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2005.09.033","article-title":"Surgical-orthodontic treatment and patients\u2019 functional and psychosocial well-being","volume":"132","author":"Pahkala","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am. J. Orthod. Dentofac. Orthop."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Heil, A., Lazo Gonzalez, E., Hilgenfeld, T., Kickingereder, P., Bendszus, M., Heiland, S., Ozga, A.K., Sommer, A., Lux, C.J., and Zingler, S. (2017). Lateral cephalometric analysis for treatment planning in orthodontics based on MRI compared with radiographs: A feasibility study in children and adolescents. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0174524"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.4103\/0976-237X.156042","article-title":"Cephalometric norms for the upper airway in a healthy North Indian population","volume":"6","author":"Shastri","year":"2015","journal-title":"Contemp. Clin. Dent."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.4103\/0976-237X.96823","article-title":"A comparative study of linear measurements on facial skeleton with frontal and lateral cephalogram","volume":"3","author":"Gandikota","year":"2012","journal-title":"Contemp. Clin. Dent."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhou, S., Yan, J., Da, H., Yang, Y., Wang, N., Wang, W., Ding, Y., and Sun, S. (2013). A correlational study of scoliosis and trunk balance in adult patients with mandibular deviation. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0059929"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5604068","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/5604068","article-title":"Analyzing menton deviation in posteroanterior cephalogram in early detection of temporomandibular disorder","volume":"2017","author":"Boel","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Dent."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2498","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joms.2008.06.072","article-title":"Measurement and interpretation of a maxillary occlusal cant in the frontal plane","volume":"66","author":"Sm","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Oral Maxillofac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"520","DOI":"10.1007\/s11547-017-0748-4","article-title":"Evaluation of the influence of patient positioning on the reliability of lateral cephalometry","volume":"122","author":"David","year":"2017","journal-title":"Radiol. Med."},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"930","article-title":"Frontal-plane lateral border movements and chewing cycle characteristics","volume":"28","author":"Rilo","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Oral Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"273","article-title":"A laboratory assessment of recording reliability and analysis of the K6 Diagnostic System","volume":"6","author":"Tsolka","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Craniomandib. Disord. Facial Oral Pain"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1316","DOI":"10.1016\/j.archoralbio.2014.08.005","article-title":"Is the side with the best masticatory performance selected for chewing?","volume":"59","author":"Salsench","year":"2014","journal-title":"Arch. Oral Biol."},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"Balasundaram, P., and Avulakunta, I.D. (2021, December 15). Human Growth and Development. Available online: https:\/\/edisciplinas.usp.br\/pluginfile.php\/5565157\/mod_resource\/content\/1\/Human%20Growth%20and%20Development_Chapter.pdf."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1007\/s10266-003-0025-y","article-title":"Selection of food and chewing side for evaluating masticatory path stability","volume":"91","author":"Shiga","year":"2003","journal-title":"Odontology"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Boushell, L.W., and Sturdevant, J.R. (2019). Clinical Significance of Dental Anatomy, Histology, Physiology, and Occlusion, Elsevier. Sturdevant\u2019s Art and Science of Operative Dentistry.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-323-47833-5.00001-0"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kato, C. (Am. J. Orthod. Dentofac. Orthop., 2022). Factors associated with eruption of the impacted maxillary third molars after second molar extraction, Am. J. Orthod. Dentofac. Orthop., in press.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2021.05.018"},{"key":"ref_41","unstructured":"Mohl, N.D., Zarb, G.A., Carlsson, G.E., and Rugh, J.D. (1988). A Textbook of Occlusion, Quintessence Pub. Co."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"877","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2842.2010.02115.x","article-title":"The effects of chewing-side preference on human brain activity during tooth clenching: An fMRI study","volume":"37","author":"Jiang","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Oral Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2842.2010.02142.x","article-title":"The influence of partial implant-supported restorations on chewing side preference","volume":"38","author":"Nissan","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Oral Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1097\/00003677-200510000-00010","article-title":"Handedness: Differential specializations for control of trajectory and position","volume":"33","author":"Sainburg","year":"2005","journal-title":"Exerc. Sport Sci. Rev."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7847","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1299-07.2007","article-title":"Can left-handedness be switched? Insights from an early switch of handwriting","volume":"27","author":"Vongerichten","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"762","DOI":"10.1177\/154405910408301005","article-title":"Chewing-side preference is involved in differential cortical activation patterns during tongue movements after bilateral gum-chewing: A functional magnetic resonance imaging study","volume":"83","author":"Shinagawa","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Dent. Res."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0034-1374647","article-title":"Maximum bite force analysis in different age groups","volume":"18","author":"Takaki","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. Arch. Otorhinolaryngol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.38209\/2708-2636.1106","article-title":"Surgical alteration of occlusal plane angulation followed by orthodontic application of T thodontic application of TADs and Yin-Y ADs and Yin-Yang Arch wire in hypodivergent prognathic malocclusion","volume":"33","author":"Hou","year":"2021","journal-title":"Taiwan J. Orthod."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1590\/2177-6709.24.1.088-105.sar","article-title":"Occlusal plane canting: A treatment alternative using skeletal anchorage","volume":"24","author":"Farret","year":"2019","journal-title":"Dent. Press. J. Orthod."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.11607\/ortho.867","article-title":"The use of miniscrew as orthodontic anchorage in correction of maxillary protrusion with occlusal cant, spaced arch, and midline deviation without surgery","volume":"14","author":"Komori","year":"2013","journal-title":"Orthod. Art Pract. Dentofac. Enhanc."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"943","DOI":"10.1177\/1055665620974574","article-title":"Vertical facial skeletal asymmetry and occlusal cant relationship in patients with unilateral cleft lip and palate","volume":"58","author":"Atik","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cleft Palate-Craniofacial J."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1261","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joms.2019.01.028","article-title":"Diagnosis and surgical outcomes of facial asymmetry according to the occlusal cant and menton deviation","volume":"77","author":"Kwon","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Oral Maxillofac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.2319\/0003-3219(2007)077[0436:FCOTTJ]2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Functional changes of the temporomandibular joint mechanoreceptors induced by a lateral mandibular shift in rats","volume":"77","author":"Kokai","year":"2007","journal-title":"Angle Orthod."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2011.11.013","article-title":"Increased occlusal vertical dimension induces cortical plasticity in the rat face primary motor cortex","volume":"228","author":"Kato","year":"2012","journal-title":"Behav. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"849","DOI":"10.1177\/154405910608500914","article-title":"Functional adaptability of jaw-muscle spindles after bite-raising","volume":"85","author":"Yabushita","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Dent. Res."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1111\/joor.12240","article-title":"Assessment of osseous morphology of temporomandibular joint in asymptomatic participants with chewing-side preference","volume":"42","author":"Jiang","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Oral Rehabil."}],"container-title":["Journal of Clinical Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/11\/21\/6343\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:04:08Z","timestamp":1760144648000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/11\/21\/6343"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,27]]},"references-count":56,"journal-issue":{"issue":"21","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11]]}},"alternative-id":["jcm11216343"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm11216343","relation":{},"ISSN":["2077-0383"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2077-0383","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,27]]}}}